AThousandYoung

13.8 billion years ago a singularity exploded. This event is known as the Big Bang. All the mass-energy that exists in our universe came from that exploding singularity. In Hesiod's Theogony, this is represented by the emergence or primordial existence of Chaos.

At this time, the Big Bang, all the matter in the universe, would have been on top of itself. The density would have been infinite. It would have been what is called, a singularity. At a singularity, all the laws of physics would have broken down. This means that the state of the universe, after the Big Bang, will not depend on anything that may have happened before, because the deterministic laws that govern the universe will break down in the Big Bang. The universe will evolve from the Big Bang, completely independently of what it was like before. Even the amount of matter in the universe, can be different to what it was before the Big Bang, as the Law of Conservation of Matter, will break down at the Big Bang.

Since events before the Big Bang have no observational consequences, one may as well cut them out of the theory, and say that time began at the Big Bang. Events before the Big Bang, are simply not defined, because there's no way one could measure what happened at them.

Stephen Hawking

http://www.hawking.org.uk/the-beginning-of-time.html

First, elementary particles began to form; then larger subatomic particles like protons, and then, through nuclear fusion reactions, a tiny bit of larger nuclei like hydrogen with a proton in it, or alpha particles (helium nuclei).

Gravity began to clump matter together even as the explosion separated clump from clump as electrons linked up with nuclei to form neutral atoms.

This is the state of the universe approximately 377,000 years after the Big Bang.

After 150 million years had passed since the BB, stars began to form from the molecular clouds as hydrogen clumped together gravitationally. The gravity squeezed the atoms closer and closer until they underwent atomic fusion, releasing the energy that makes stars glow. This created first helium, then, in layers inside the star, larger and larger elements (up through iron at least) as the star matured. The stars themselves began to attract one another and formed galaxies.

Some of the stars ended up exploding, spraying the heavier elements they created throughout space, only to be incorporated into later stars.

After 8 billion years from the Big Bang, or 5 billion years before now, our solar system formed as a spinning clump of gas with the Sun at the center. Planets and other objects formed soon afterwards, all spinning as well, each on it's axis as well as around the Sun.

~4.54 billion BCE The Earth forms. This begins the Hadeon Eon. This represents the emergence of Gaia, the Earth's surface, and Tartarus, the fiery mantle far under the surface.

~4.5 billion BCE According to the giant impact hypothesis the moon is formed when the planet Earth and the planet Theia collide, sending a very large number of moonlets into orbit around the young Earth which eventually coalesce to form the Moon. The gravitational pull of the new Moon stabilises the Earth's fluctuating axis of rotation and sets up the conditions in which life formed.

~4.1 billion BCE The surface of the Earth cools enough for the crust to solidify. The atmosphere and the oceans form. PAH infall, and iron sulfide synthesis along deep ocean platelet boundaries, may have led to the RNA world of competing organic compounds. In Hesiod's Theogony this is represented by the emergence of Uranus (the sky) followed by Pontus (the seas and oceans) and Ourea (mountains)

~4 billion BCE The earliest life appears, possibly derived from self-reproducing RNA molecules. The replication of these organisms requires resources like energy, space, and smaller building blocks, which soon become limited, resulting in competition, with natural selection favouring those molecules which are more efficient at replication. DNA molecules then take over as the main replicators and these archaic genomes soon develop inside enclosing membranes which provide a stable physical and chemical environment conducive to their replication: proto-cells.

~3.9 billion BCE Late Heavy Bombardment: peak rate of impact events upon the inner planets by meteoroids.

3.8 billion BCE The end of the Hadeon Eon and the beginning of the Archean Eon.

~3.5 billion BCE The first prokaryotic cells evolve from proto-cells. These first organisms are chemoautotrophs: they use carbon dioxide as a carbon source and oxidize inorganic materials to extract energy. These organisms generate ATP by exploiting a proton gradient, a mechanism still used in virtually all organisms. This is the time when the Last Universal Ancestor of all life existed. Bacteria diverge from Archaea.

~3 billion BCE Prokaryotes evolve glycolysis, a set of chemical reactions that free the energy of organic molecules such as glucose and store it in the chemical bonds of ATP. Glycolysis (and ATP) continue to be used in almost all organisms, unchanged, to this day. Photosynthesizing cyanobacteria evolve; they use water as a reducing agent, thereby producing oxygen as waste product. The oxygen initially oxidizes dissolved iron in the oceans, creating iron ore. The oxygen concentration in the atmosphere slowly rises, acting as a poison for many bacteria. The Moon is still very close to Earth and causes tides 1,000 feet (305 m) high. The Earth is continually wracked by hurricane-force winds. These extreme mixing influences are thought to stimulate evolutionary processes. (See Oxygen catastrophe).

2.5 billion BCE The Archean Eon ends and the Proterozoic Eon begins.

2.3 billion BCE The Great Oxygenation Event.

2 billion BCE First acritarchs.

1.85 billion BCE Eukaryotes evolve. These cells contain membrane-bound organelles with diverse functions, probably derived from prokaryotes engulfing each other via phagocytosis. (See Endosymbiosis).

1.2 billion BCE Sexual reproduction first appears, increasing the rate of evolution. Simple multicellular organisms evolve, mostly consisting of cell colonies of limited complexity. First multicellular red algae evolve.

1.1 billion BCE Earliest dinoflagellates.

1 billion BCE First vaucherian algae. FICTION The Elder Things arrive on Earth in H.P. Lovecraft's fictional universe.

850 million BCE A global glaciation may have begun.

750 million BCE First protozoa. FICTION The arrival on Earth of the Flying Polyps in H.P. Lovecraft's fictional setting.

630 million BCE End of global glaciation.

580 million BCE The Ediacaran biota represent the first large, complex multicellular organisms. The Cambrian Explosion begins. Most modern phyla of animals begin to appear in the fossil record during the Cambrian Explosion. Oxygen begins to accumulate in the atmosphere.

560 million BCE Earliest fungi.

550 million BCE First fossil evidence for ctenophora (comb-jellies), porifera (sponges), and anthozoa (corals & anemones).

542 million BCE The Proterozoic Eon ends and the Pharenozoic Eon begins with the Paleozoic Era.

540 million BCE The accumulation of atmospheric oxygen allows the formation of an ozone layer. This blocks ultraviolet radiation, permitting the colonisation of the land.

535 million BCE Major diversification of living things in the oceans: chordates, arthropods (e.g. trilobites, crustaceans), echinoderms, mollusks, brachiopods, foraminifers and radiolarians, etc.

530 million BCE First known footprints on land.

500 million BCE The Cambrian Explosion ends.

485 million BCE Jawless fishes, the first bony animals, evolve.

450 million BCE Burrowing terrestrial millipedes evolve. Start of Ordovician–Silurian extinction events.

440 million BCE End of Ordovician–Silurian extinction events.

434 million BCE Plants and fungi colonize land.

420 million BCE Earliest ray-finned fishes, trigonotarbid arachnids, and land scorpions.

410 million BCE Fish evolve teeth.

395 million BCE The first lichens colonize land. Tetrapods (proto-amphibians) leave tracks on land.

375 million BCE Start of Devonian Extinction.

363 million BCE Start of the Carboniferous Period. Insects roamed the land and would soon take to the skies; sharks swam the oceans as top predators, and vegetation covered the land, with seed-bearing plants and forests soon to flourish. Four-limbed tetrapods gradually gain adaptations which will help them occupy a terrestrial life-habit.

360 million BCE First crabs and ferns. Land flora dominated by seed ferns. Late Devonian Extinction ends.

340 million BCE Diversification of amphibians.

330 million BCE First amniote vertebrates.

320 million BCE Synapsids separate from sauropsids (reptiles).

280 million BCE Earliest beetles, seed plants and conifers diversify while lepidodendrids and sphenopsids decrease. Terrestrial temnospondyl amphibians and pelycosaurs (e.g. Dimetrodon) diversify in species.

251.4 million BCE The Permian-Triassic extinction event eliminates over 90-95% of marine species. Terrestrial organisms were not as seriously affected as the marine biota. This "clearing of the slate" may have led to an ensuing diversification, but life on land took 30M years to completely recover. The Mesozoic Era begins with the Mesozoic Marine Revolution: increasingly well-adapted and diverse predators pressurise sessile marine groups; the "balance of power" in the oceans shifts dramatically as some groups of prey adapt more rapidly and effectively than others.

245 million BCE Earliest ichthyosaurs.

225 million BCE Earliest dinosaurs.

220 million BCE Gymnosperm forests dominate the land; herbivores grow to huge sizes in order to accommodate the large guts necessary to digest the nutrient-poor plants. First flies and turtles.

215 million BCE First mammals (e.g. Eozostrodon). Minor vertebrate extinctions occur.

201.3 million BCE The Triassic ends and the Jurassic begins with an extinction event.

200 million BCE The first accepted evidence for viruses. Major extinctions in terrestrial vertebrates and large amphibians. Earliest examples of Ankylosaurian dinosaurs.

195 million BCE First pterosaurs with specialized feeding (Dorygnathus). First sauropod dinosaurs. Diversification in small, ornithischian dinosaurs: heterodontosaurids, fabrosaurids, and scelidosaurids.

190 million BCE First pliosaurs, modern starfish, lepidopteran insects.

176 million BCE First stegosaurs.

170 million BCE First salamanders.

165 million BCE First rays.

161 million BCE First ceratopsian dinosaurs.

155 million BCE The first blood sucking insects. Archaopteryx evolves. Therapods and stegosaurs diversify.

145 million BCE The Jurassic transitions into the Cretaceous.

140 million BCE Age of the oldest fossil spider web (found in Sussex, England in amber)

130 million BCE The rise of the Angiosperms: These flowering plants boast structures that attract insects and other animals to spread pollen. This innovation causes a major burst of animal evolution through co-evolution. First freshwater pelomedusid turtles.

115 million BCE First monotremes.

106 million BCE Spinosaurus, the biggest therapod dinosaur ever, evolves.

100 million BCE First bees.

90 million BCE Extinction of ichthyosaurs. Earliest snakes and nuculanid bivalves. Large diversification in angiosperms: magnoliids, rosids, hamamelidids, monocots, and ginger. Earliest examples of ticks.

85 million BCE First primates.

80 million BCE First ants.

75 million BCE - FICTION/RELIGION - According to Scientologists the Evil Lord Xenu rules over a galactic federation. He cryogenically freezes many of his alien subjects, dumps them via DC-10s with rockets into a volcano on Earth, brainwashes their souls and they then possess the ancestors of humans.

http://www.southparkstudios.com/clips/104274/what-scientologist-actually-believe

68 million BCE Tyrannosaurus Rex and Triceratops evolve.

65.5 million BCE The Cenozoic Era begins with the Cretaceous–Tertiary extinction event which eradicates about half of all animal species, including all dinosaurs (except the ancestors of birds).

45 million BCE Galliformes Order (Chicken-shaped) diverges from the rest of the Aves Class (Birds).

42 million BCE The first Saber-Toothed Cats.

30 million BCE The Phasianidae Family (pheasants and chickens) diverges from the Galliformes Order.

20 million BCE The first Great Apes.

14 million BCE Orangutans evolve.

7.2 million BCE Saber-Toothed Cats go extinct.

6 million BCE Chimpanzees and primitive humans diverge from their common ancestor. Humans have nothing but unworked clubs and rocks as tools and weapons.

5.96 million BCE Strait of Gibraltar temporarily closes beginning the Messinian Salinity Crisis. It will continue to close and reopen over and over until the Mediterranean dries up.

5.5 million BCE Mediterranean dries up due to the closed Strait of Gibraltar.

5.33 million BCE The Mediterranean basin is flooded through the Strait of Gibraltar ending the Messilian Salinity Crisis. This event is called the Zanclean Flood.

3.4 million BCE First evidence of simple stone tools.

3 million BCE North America and South America are connected via central America, leading to what is known as the Great American Biotic Interchange.

2.59 million BCE The Early (or Lower) Pleistocene subepoch begins. Mode I (Oldovan in Ethiopia) stone tools are made by ancestors of humanity using the core-and-small-flake method in which a hammerstone is used to chip small flakes off of a larger rock. Both the razor sharp flakes and the sturdy sharpened core can be used as tools for cutting and scraping meat and other materials. Tools now available include the primitive form of the hand-axe and stone-razor as well as rocks and sticks.

2.4 million BCE The first Australopithecines (ancestors of modern humans) lived in Africa.

1.8 million BCE H. Erectus arrives on Java, bringing Mode I stone tool technology.

1.7 million BCE Stone technology advances to Mode II (Acheulean, eastern and southern Africa). The Hand Axe is now fully shaped, unlike the more primitive Mode I version. Stone drills were also invented.

1.6 million BCE H. Erectus brings Mode I stone technology to northern China.

781,000 BCE The Early Pleistocene subepoch ends.

~400,000 BCE The first Archaic Humans, direct ancestors to Modern Humans. Fire technology is invented around this time or earlier in Israel and China (probably storing coals, not starting new fires). Headless wooden spears - poles sharpened by the hand-axe - are widely used giving human hunters more reach and deadlier results than the existing unhafted hand axes and clubs allowed. Spears are particularly effective against animals (including cavalry in the future).

~300,000 BCE Neandertals invent the stone tipped spear (Mode III stone technology, Mousterian). This may imply the existence of twine, string and rope technology, depending how how the head was fastened to the haft.

~250,000 BCE Fire-hardening of wooden spear heads is invented.

~200,000 BCE Mousterian (Mode III, Neandertal) stone technology arrives in the Levant. The grand-grand-grand-etc-parents of all humanity, Mitochondrial Eve and Y Chromosome Adam, were born, lived and died in Tanzania. Their people, the first human culture, became what is now known as the Sandawe. They had fire hardened spears and javelins, the ability to store burning embers so as to start fires at will, as well as unhafted hand axes and fragile stone razors.

MYTHOLOGY Heitsi Eibib, a demigod and culture hero of the San people may have lived at this time somewhere in southeast Africa. When he asked water to part for his tribe to pass, it did, and it closed on his enemies. This story has obvious parallels to Moses parting the Red Sea. Heitsi Eibib is also said to have taught animals how and where to live e.g. taught lions to stop building nests in trees etc.

Once Heitsi Eibib wandered into a place where people kept disappearing. They would go into the forest and never return. So Heitsi Eibib decided to investigate. He followed the trail until he found two men talking. One was the son of a nearby woman, and the other was a large, powerful stranger, a dirty Ogre of a man, with a protruding, bony forehead. The big stranger immediately began to insult the youth. "I am Gama Gorib, and I swear, you are the ugliest and stupidest person to come along yet. I killed your family, worm. Haw haw haw!". The youth, enraged, picked up a large stone and hurled it with all his might. Gama Gorib lowered his head and deflected the stone right back with his bony forehead, striking the lad between the eyes and knocking him backwards into a previously hidden pit trap!

"Haw haw haw! More meat for my belly!"

Heitsi Eibib knew what to do. He approached Gama Gorib who began to insult him. Heitsi Eibib picked up a stone and the cannibal lowered his bony skull in delight. But then Heitsi Eibib, cunning as always, shouted "Look over there!" When the brute turned his head, Heitsu Eibib hurled with all of his might, cracking Gama Gorib's thin temple bone and knocking him into his own pit!

~140,000 BCE Humans expanded into southern Africa from Eastern Africa. This led to the first ethnic division, as the southern humans diverged into what are now known as the Khoi people, sometimes called "Bushmen".

~110,000 BCE Humans expanded to Central Africa. This population diverged into what we now know as the Niger-Congo culture or "Black Africans". They continued to expand into the Western Bulge of Africa.

~100,000 BCE Grey wolves of the Egyptian Jackal subspecies begin to associate with humans. These are the ancient ancestors of dogs. The jackals probably scavenged from human garbage pits.

~90,000 BCE Nilo-Saharan people branch off from the original Sandawe population and spread west along the southern edge of what is now the Sahara Desert.

Another population moved northeast from the Tanzania region across the Red Sea and diverged into what is now the Afro-Asiatic superculture, starting with Arabs.

Canaanite Semites (e.g. Jews) travel to Canaan.

Egyptians enter Egypt from the east, travelling westward.

Amazigh people (Berbers, Moors) go west from Egypt and settle the Maghreb (northwest Africa).

80,000 BCE FICTION In H.P. Lovecraft's fictional universe, Y'ha-nthlei, a city of the Deep Ones, is known to exist off the coast of Massachusetts.

~70,000 BCE The Toba volcano supereruption sends the Earth into a six year winter. This event profoundly shapes human evolution, leading to differentiation of populations into ethno-
racial groups.

~64,000 BCE Earliest evidence of arrow-like darts indicates the invention of dart-throwers (atlatls/woomeras) in southern Africa at this time, associated with Howiesons Poort people in the Middle Stone Age. The large bone points were securely fixed to reed shafts to make one solid projectile implement. Humans now have access to unworked clubs and rocks, unhafted stone hand axes and razors, fire technology, spear throwers and spears and darts with fire hardened or stone tips. These new spear-throwers were most likely used as a form of primitive artillery instead of as a personal weapon; groups of people would fire a volley with the more powerful spear throwers in order to kill large, tough game like elephants. However modern experts with the atlatl can hit a face sized target, showing it is capable of precision accuracy in the right hands.

~50,000 BCE South Asian culture expands to fill south Asia.

One branch of this culture moves north into the heart of central Asia: west China. These will become the Steppe Peoples of central Eurasia. Examples include Huns, Turks, Mongols, Magyars, Parthians, Xiongnu.

~45,000 BCE The Aurignacion (Mode IV) stone technology is invented in the southern European or southwest Asian region.

~40,000 BCE Europe has a large population of Neandertals, an extinct subspecies of humans. Cro-Magnon - the first Europeans - colonizes Asia Minor and the Caucasus.

In East Asia, the coastal people expand northward, becoming the Han Chinese and related cultures.

The rest of China is filled by Steppe People. Australia is first inhabited by the people who became the Aborigines.

~35,000 BCE Domestication of the dog somewhere in Asia. Japan is colonized.

~30,000 BCE Most of Europe and Asia are colonized, from south to north by Cro-Magnon, Steppe Peoples and East Asians. Neadertal begins to be displaced from the Middle East by modern humans. The first cave art of horses. Spear thrower technology is widespread. Invention of the bow and arrow. Japan invents ground stone tools ("Neolithic").

~20,000 BCE Northern Asia and northeast Europe are colonized.

Possibly the beginnings of agriculture.

17,000 BCE Mode V (Microliths) stone technology is invented.

~15,000 BCE The climate in the middle East begins to dry up. Populations in the Middle East concentrate in the Fertile Crescent. People first enter North America via Siberia and Alaska. Autonomous villages begin to replace hunter-gatherer bands as a form of social organization in some parts of the world. They became more and more widespread over time. This represents the end of the "natural state" as it is referred to in natural rights theory. Cro-Magnon dominates Europe now instead of Neandertals.

12,000 BCE Beginning of "Jodon" period of Japanese culture.

~11,000 BCE End of last Ice Age.

~10,000 BCE Scandanavia, the British Isles, Portugal, Japan and various Pacific Islands are occupied

as are the Americas, which are colonized very quickly, mostly along the Pacific coast from Alaska.

Horses become extinct in the Americas, likely due to overhunting by humans. Oldest evidence of hunter gatherer humans in West Mexico at Los Hacheros Cave begins the Archaic period in that region. The Neolithic revolution begins in the Fertile Crescent and China as animals are domesticated and agriculture is invented. The first Chiefdoms arise as strong men from one village dominate other villages nearby uniting them into one entity. This is the beginning of wealth and power inequality in human society as well as the beginning of large scale public projects like irrigation. Wooden clubs evolve into stone maces, the first weapon designed to kill humans. These maces are used extensively by pre-imperial powers like Egypt. Bows and arrows have replaced the more awkward spear throwers in some places. Besides bows and maces, stone tipped spears, javelins, slings and spear throwers are available to hunters and the new profession of warriors in cultures all over the world. Eventually stiffened leather armor (rawhide/buff leather maybe occasionally reinforced with horn) is invented to defend against the stone maces and hafted axes are invented to cut down trees and cut through leather armor. Soon the Americas will be cut off from the rest of the world due to rising sea levels as global warming ends the ice age. Technological development after this time continues in the Americas independently of technological development in the much larger Old World until 1492 and is slowed by the lack of contact with the rest of humanity e.g. the Americas didn't acquire horse drawn cart technology since they couldn't interact with the Kazakhstan region where it was invented while people in Africa, Asia and Europe could. In Greece the stone sickle is invented. It is as this time Hesiod's Golden Age begins as humans learn how to reap more food than they could consume at one time. MYTHOLOGY Cronus the Reaper in Greek legend, son of the sky (Uranus), is the god of the sickle. He "castrates" his father Uranus with his stone sickle, taking more food than the Earth and Sky give freely (compare the Old Testament's discussion about gatherers taking others' grain by hand but not in a container). He casts the severed testicles into the sea, conceiving Aphrodite, daughter of the sky and sea (Uranus and Thalassa). Aphrodite possibly represents the emergence of manipulative sexuality as a means for women to access the food that was becoming scarce while some men with sickles hoarded large amounts of food. FICTION The famous Conan the Barbarian lived at this time in Robert E. Howard's Hyborean setting. Unlike in Howard's fiction however the Mediterranean was not dry and had not been for over five million years.

9,500 BCE The beginning of the Aceramic Neolithic Age.

9,000 BCE Age of the Shigir Idol.

8,000 BCE Goats are domesticated in Iran.

7,500 BCE Beginning of civilization in the Andes in South America.

7,100 BCE "Cheddar Man", a dark skinned, blue eyed ancestor of the indigenous people of Britain, dies. His body is later recovered and analyzed.

7,000 BCE Crete is settled. Agriculture begins in China leading to the Jiahu cultural period. Stone tools have become polished, finely crafted implements, unlike the crude chipped rocks used before. This is the beginning of Augustine's First "Antediluvian" Age. MYTHOLOGY Zeus, the Storm Father, defeats his father Cronus of the Sickle and reclaims the sky's rightful place as Greece's dominant god, the provider of fertilizing rain. Zeus however is Sky Father of farming, while Uranus was Sky Father of the Natural State. A dominant Sky Father god is extremely widespread not only in Indo European religion but in Mongolian Tengri religion and African religions as well. In addition Christianity recognizes the Heavenly Father.

From Madison Grant's The Passing of the Great Race:

"Neolithic culture also Nourished in the north of Europe and particularly in Scandinavia, now free from ice. The coasts of the Baltic were apparently occupied for the first time at the very beginning of this period, as no trace of Paleolithic industry has been found there, other than the Maglemose, which represents only the very latest phase of the Old Stone Age. The kitchen middens, or refuse heaps, of Sweden, and more particularly of Denmark, date from the early Neolithic, and thus are somewhat earlier than the lake dwellers. No trace of agriculture has been found in them, and the dog seems to have been the only domesticated animal.

From these two centres, the Alps and the North, an elaborate and variegated Neolithic culture spread through western Europe, and an autochthonous development took place little influenced by trade intercourse with Asia after the first immigrations of the new races.

We may assume that the distribution of races during the Neolithic was roughly as follows: The Mediterranean basin and western Europe, including Spain, Italy, Gaul, Britain, and the western portions of Germany, populated by Mediterranean long heads; the Alps and the territories immediately surrounding, except the valley of the Po, together with much of the Balkans, inhabited by Alpine types. These Alpines extended northward until they came in touch in eastern Germany and Poland with the southernmost Nordics...

...North of the Alpines and occupying the shores of the Baltic and Scandinavia, together with eastern Germany, Poland, and Russia, were located the Nordics. At the very base of the Neolithic, and perhaps still earlier, this race occupied Scandinavia, and Sweden became the nursery of the Teutonic subdivision of the Nordic race. It was in that country that the peculiar characters of stature and blondness became most accentuated, and it is there that we find them to-day in their greatest purity."

6,500 BCE The Aceramic Neolithic Age transitions into the Ceramic Neolithic (Halafian).

~6,000 BCE The Neolithic Wet Phase begins in the Persian Gulf region as rains return. Eden from Genesis represents this time and place, specifically the land underneath the Persian Gulf just east of Kuwait. Agriculture is invented in this region as population densities begin to rise. A hunting-fishing boat building culture lives just off the Isle of Wight in a location that is now underwater. As with the Persian Gulf and this settlement, the English Channel and Nordic fjords are also filled in at this time by rising sea levels. LEGEND Ymir of Germanic legend was the glacier that covered Scandinavia before this time. When he melted his "blood" filled up the oceans and the stones being pushed along by the glacier were seen as his bones.

~5,500 BCE The approximate date of "Creation" as calculated by numerous Abrahamic scholars using the Septuagint.

5,200 BCE The "Temple Builder" culture exists on Malta.

~5,000 BCE Advanced agricultural techniques begin to be practiced in Crete. Eridu in southern Mesopotamia was founded. The Flandrian Transgression (also known as the Great Flood) begins. The beginning of the Chinese Yangshao cultural period. The Swiss Lake Dweller culture (Robenhausian) reaches its zenith. Chickens domesticated in SE Asia.

From Madison Grant's The Passing of the Great Race:

..."Robenhausian pile built villages were in Europe the earliest known form of fixed habitation [in Europe], and the culture found in association with them was a great advance on that of the preceding Paleolithic. This type of permanent habitation flourished through the entire Upper Neolithic and the succeeding Bronze Age. Pile villages end in Switzerland with the first appearance of iron, but elsewhere, as in the upper Danube, they still existed in the days of Herodotus.

Domesticated animals and agriculture, as well as rough pottery, appear during the Robenhausian for the first time. The chase, supplemented by trapping and fishing, was still common, but it probably was more for clothing than for food. Of course, a permanent site is the basis of an agricultural community, and involves at least a partial abandonment of the chase, because only nomads can follow the game in its seasonal migrations, and hunted animals soon leave the neighborhood of settlements".

~4,600 BCE RELIGION Nation of Islam claims Jacob from the Old Testament lived at this time and created the white race through scientific experimentation.

~4,500 BCE Ceramic Neolithic changes to Chalcolithic (Ubaid period). The potter's wheel is invented in central Eurasia.

~4,000 BCE The Persian Gulf reaches it's present extent, having flooded Eden and the settlements on it (known as Adam in Sumerian). The Sumerians (indigenous Iraqis, now known as Assyrians) "come out of the sea" as per their origin myth as they flee the rising waters. Copper mining and bronze making are invented in the Eastern Mediterranean. Phoenicians spread throughout the Mediterranean and beyond looking for tin. Minoan civilization rises on Crete. The horse is first domesticated in Botai culture settlements in the Akmola Province of Kazakhstan. At first, before wheels were invented, the animal was probably used to pull sleds. This is the beginning of Hesiod's Silver Age and Augustine's Second Age. MYTHOLOGY Noah's Ark.

3760 BCE FICTION/RELIGION - The creation of the world according to Orthodox Judaism.

~3700 BCE Proto-Indo-European is spoken in the Pontic-Caspian steppe of Eastern Europe and Western Asia. This language-culture will expand until it evolves into almost all of the languages of Europe and many of Western Asia. This culture is closely associated with the horse, eventually inventing chariots and then cavalry.

~3,500 BCE The Paleo-Indian period of Mesoamerican civilization ends, and the Archaic period begins. Around this time the wheel is invented in central Eurasia, near-simultaneously in Mesopotamia, the Northern Caucasus (Maykop culture) and Central Europe. These wheels were solid disks and led to the invention of wagons and carts but not war chariots which required spoked wheels.

http://library.thinkquest.org/C004203/science/science02.htm

Stage one: Early men placed rollers beneath heavy objects so that they could be moved easily.

Stage two: Early men began to place runners under a heavy load, which they discovered would make it easier for the load to drag. This was the invention of the sledge.

Stage three: Men began to combine the roller and the sledge. As the sledge moved forward over the first roller, a second roller was placed under the front end to carry the load when it moved off the first roller. A model of a sledge with such rollers is in the Smithsonian Institution.

Stage four: Soon, men discovered that the rollers which carried the sledge became grooved with use. They soon discovered that these deep grooves actually allowed the sledge to advance a greater distance before the next roller was needed to come on!

Thus, in Stage five: The rollers were changed into wheels. In the process of doing so, wood between the grooves of the roller were cut away to form an axle and wooden pegs were fastened to the runners on each side of the axle. When the wheels turn, the axle turned too in the space between the pegs. The first wooden cart was thus made.

Stage six: A slight improvement was made to the cart. This time, instead of using pegs to join the wheels to the axle, holes for the axle were drilled through the frame of the cart. Axle and wheels were now made separately.

~3,300 BCE The Early Bronze Age begins. A Chiefdom grows into an empire-civilization in the Indus valley (Pakistan region). Such early civilizations are highly heirarchical wherever they have risen up with specialization of labor. Poverty is created by this organization of society as the newly born State uses police to deny resources to some people. A man lives and dies in Germany in such a manner that his body was frozen in ice. His mummy is the oldest human mummy in Europe.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96tzi_the_Iceman

At the time of his death Ötzi was approximately 1.65 metres (5 ft 5 in) tall,weighed about 50 kilograms (110 lb; 7.9 st) and was about 45 years of age. When his body was found, it weighed 13.750 kg. Because the body was covered in ice shortly after his death it had only partially deteriorated. Analysis of pollen, dust grains and the isotopic composition of his tooth enamel indicates that he spent his childhood near the present village of Feldthurns, north of Bolzano, but later went to live in valleys about 50 kilometres further north.His lungs were blackened, probably from breathing the smoke of campfires. Ötzi's mitochondrial DNA belongs to the K1 subcluster of the mitochondrial haplogroup K, but that it cannot be categorized into any of the three modern branches of that subcluster. Modern populations with a significant proportion of mtDNA haplogroup K include most of western Eurasia with a particularly high concentration in Ashkenazi Jews and parts of the Middle East. Analysis of Ötzi's intestinal contents showed two meals (the last one consumed about eight hours before his death), one of chamois meat, the other of red deer and herb bread. Both were eaten with grain as well as roots and fruits. The grain from both meals was a highly processed einkorn wheat bran, quite possibly eaten in the form of bread. In the proximity of the body, and thus possibly originating from the Iceman's provisions, chaff and grains of einkorn and barley, and seeds of flax and poppy were discovered, as well as kernels of sloes (small plumlike fruits of the blackthorn tree) and various seeds of berries growing in the wild.Hair analysis was used to examine his diet from several months before. Pollen in the first meal showed that it had been consumed in a mid-altitude conifer forest, and other pollens indicated the presence of wheat and legumes, which may have been domesticated crops. Pollen grains of hop-hornbeam were also discovered. The pollen was very well preserved, with the cells inside remaining intact, indicating that it had been fresh (a few hours old) at the time of Ötzi's death, which places the event in the spring. Einkorn wheat is harvested in the late summer, and sloes in the autumn; these must have been stored from the previous year. In 2009, a CAT scan revealed that the stomach had shifted upward to where his lower lung area would normally be. Analysis of the contents revealed the partly digested remains of ibex meat, confirmed by DNA analysis, suggesting he had a meal less than two hours before his death. Wheat grains were also found. High levels of both copper particles and arsenic were found in Ötzi's hair. This, along with Ötzi's copper axe which is 99.7% pure copper, has led scientists to speculate that Ötzi was involved in copper smelting. By examining the proportions of Ötzi's tibia, femur and pelvis, Christopher Ruff has determined that Ötzi's lifestyle included long walks over hilly terrain. This degree of mobility is not characteristic of other Copper Age Europeans. Ruff proposes that this may indicate that Ötzi was a high-altitude shepherd. Using modern 3-D technology, a facial reconstruction has been created for the South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology in Bolzano, Italy. It shows Ötzi looking old for his 45 years, with deep-set brown eyes, a beard, a furrowed face, and sunken cheeks. He is depicted looking tired and ungroomed.

3,114 BCE, August 11 The Mayan Long Count calendar's start date.

3,100 BCE Founding of the Egyptian state. The creation of the Stonehenge I monument - a moat-like ditch and bank earthwork made in chalk with animal bones and flint tools at the bottom.

~3,000 BCE Writing is invented by Sumerians. The legends about Adam on Eden, and how people were cast out of Eden by a flood, combined with the beginnings of agriculture and the soon the stories of Gilgamesh began to morph into the stories in Genesis. Semitic culture begins to fill the Arabian peninsula. Bronze making technology spreads from Egypt to Canaan to Asia Minor. The site of Stonehenge begins to be used as first a home and then a burial ground. Hesiod's Bronze Age begins. The rise of Longshan culture in China.

From Madison Grant's The Passing of the Great Race:

"The effect of the possession of these new weapons on the Alpine populations of western Asia was magical, and resulted in an intensive and final expansion of round skulls into Europe. This invasion came through Asia Minor, the Balkans, and the valley of the Danube, poured into Italy from the north, introduced bronze among the earlier Alpine lake dwellers of Switzerland, and among the Mediterraneans of the Terramara stations of the valley of the Po...The simultaneous appearance of bronze about 3000 or 2800 B.C. in the south as well as in the north of Italy can probably be attributed to a wave of this same invasion which reached Tunis and Sicily, passing through Egypt, where it left behind the so-called Giza round skulls. With the first knowledge of metals begins the Eneolithic Period of the Italians. "

Longshan culture reaches China bringing with it the technology of the primitive wheel to China allowing carts, wagons and pottery. The Indus Valley also gains access to the primitive wheel at this time. In addition to introducing unspoked wheels, the Longshan establish the first fortified cities in China.

~2,850 BCE China is flooded. MYTHOLOGY Fu Xi survives the flood and encounters Long Ma, the Dragon Horse. Long Ma teaches Fu Xi the ba gua. These are the dotted line symbols on the South Korean flag.

~2,600 BCE The mature, or Harappan, phase of the Indus valley civilization begins. The pyramids in Egypt are built around this time.

~2,558 BCE Khafra becomes Pharoah.

~2,550 BCE The creation of the Great Sphinx of Giza ("The Terrifying One").

~2,532 BCE Pharoah Khafra dies.

~2,500 BCE Bahrain, once a mountain near Eden, becomes an economic center for the Persian Gulf region. Arabs and other Semites expand northeast until they come up against Sumerian borders near the Euphrates river. Gilgamesh is Sumerian ruler of Uruk (Iraq and Kuwait). Possibly the time of Abraham, originator of the Abrahamic religions Judaism, Christianity and Islam. Augustine's Third Age. Earliest known use of the bronze Khopesh, a type of Egyptian sword with a curved axe like chopping blade.

~2,200 BCE The Early Bronze Age transitions to the Middle Bronze Age. An immense drought strikes the Middle East and areas of similar latitude including India and the America Southwest, likely causing the collapse of both the Old Dynasty in Egypt and the Akkadian Empire in Mesopotamia (Iraq). Birth of Chinese legendary Emporer Yu.

~2,100 BCE Chinese Emporer Yu the Great/the Engineer dies. The rise of the Xia dynasty in China.

~2,000 BCE The Archaic period in Mesoamerica ends and the Preclassic/Formative period begins. In West Mexico the Capacha tradition of pottery begins. In Iraq, Arabs conquer and culturally dominate Sumerians. Spoked wheels are invented in central Eurasia leading to widespread use of the chariot. The chariot will spread across Eurasia over the next thousand years or so. Indo-Europeans in central Eurasia also invent the composite bow, lined with highly elastic sinew on the outside and very compressive horn on the inside. These bows are more powerful than simple wood self bows.

~1,900 BCE The end of the mature, or Harappan, phase of civiliation of the Indus valley, possibly destroyed by Indo-European invaders. Destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah, possibly by meteor strike. Akkadian sources claim this was done by Erra, god of war.

1867 BCE Babylon is founded in Uruk (Iraq).

~1800-1700 BCE Using war chariots Hittites establish a kingdom centered at Hattusa in north-central Anatolia. Bronze making technology reaches Britain and Scandanavia. Possibly a "Terrible Monster" attacks Jerusalem.

1792 BCE Hammurabi becomes sixth King of Babylon.

1750 BCE Hammurabi, King of Babylon dies. Around this time the bronze sword is invented in the Black Sea/Aegean Sea region. The Terramara period begins in northern Italy.

From Madison Grant's The Passing of the Great Race:

"During the Terramara Period fortified and moated stations in swamps or close to the banks of rivers became the favorite resorts instead of pile villages built in lakes."

~1650 BCE The volcano Thera erupts. MYTHOLOGY This represents the Titanomachy of Greek legend. Typhon the dragon is the plume of fire and smoke from the volcano, born of the earth, which reaches the sky and Zeus represents "volcanic lightning". In the legend Zeus imprisons Typhon in Mt Etna after it escapes from Thera.

~1600 BCE Beginning of the Shang dynasty in China.

1595 BCE Hittites conquer Babylon.

~1570 BCE Kassites, an Indo-European Akkadian culture from bordering region of what is now Iran, conquer Babylon and Mesopotamia. Kassites were very distantly related to other Indo-European cultures like Europeans, and therefore heirs to the war-chariot tradition. The Nazi use of the swastika, a stylized wheel, to contrast Indo-European Germanics with Semites likely is based in the events of the next few centuries as Kassites expand their empire. Around this time Olmec civilization is born in Mesoamerica.

1550 BCE Bronze "rapier" stabbing shortswords first found in Britain. They had riveted hilts and were designed as thrusting weapons.

~1500 BCE The earlies vedas, the Samhitas, were created, and passed along orally. Wheeled toys are made in Mesoamerica but larger wheeled vehicles were not made. This is possibly due to the lack of horses to pull the vehicle (horses had been hunted to extinction in North America long before). Baltic-Slavic languages begin to diverge from Proto-Indo-European. Chariots, horses and composite bows are introduced to Egypt. Bronze working technology and the dagger-axe polearm (a bronze pick on a staff) are invented in China.

From Madison Grant's The Passing of the Great Race:

"The knowledge of iron as well as bronze in Europe centres around the area occupied by the Alpines in the eastern Alps and its earliest phase is known as the Hallstatt* culture, from a little town in the Tyrol where it was first discovered. This Hallstatt iron culture flourished about 1500 B. C. Whether or not the Alpines introduced from Asia or invented in Europe the smelting of iron, it was the Nordics who benefited by its use. Bronze weapons and the later iron ones proved in the hands of these northern barbarians to be of terrible effectiveness, and were first of all turned against their Alpine teachers. With these metal swords in their grasp, the Nordics first conquered the Alpines of central Europe and then suddenly entered the ancient world as raiders and destroyers of cities, and the classic civilizations of the north coasts of the Mediterranean Sea fell, one after another, before the "Furor Normanorum,""

*Or Urnfield - Hallstatt is the later descendent ca. 800 BCE

1475 BCE: Thutmose III conquers Canaan; beginning of Egyptian domination of southern Canaanite plain and enslavement of the Jews.

1446 BCE Likely date of the Exodus (1 Kings 6) HISTORICAL MAGIC EXODUS 2-6 The Burning Bush.  Around this time a Pharoah dies (EXODUS 2:23). It is uncertain who this is and the dates listed here of the events might be wrong.

The god Yahweh empowers Moses to change his staff into a snake. This inspired a Dungeons and Dragons Cleric spell. He also taught Moses to curse his own hand and make it look dead by slipping it in his tunic, and how to reverse both spells at will. In addition Moses learned to change river water to blood by pouring it out on dry land. These spells are intended to convince the Israelites and the Egyptians of God's power so they will Let Moses' People Go.

As Moses heads to Egypt, he is attacked by Yahweh. Moses' wife Zipporah casts a circumcision spell on their son to mark Moses as her "blood-bridegroom". This wards away Yahweh's attack.

Moses uses his new spells to convince the Israelites of God's power and they bow down in worship.   He then tells Pharoah that Yahweh demands the Israelites be permitted to go into the desert and have a ritualistic feast. Pharoah refuses and makes their work harsher to cow them into ignoring Yahweh.

Moses teaches Aaron the sticks to snakes spell and Aaron uses it to impress Pharoah. Pharoah's magicians were able to do the same spell and so Pharoah was unimpressed (despite Aaron's snake eating his mages' snakes).

THE FIRST PLAGUE EXODUS 7:20 Aaron, Moses' Israelite ally, turns the Nile to blood with his staff, killing all life within, but Pharoah's mages could do the same spell, so Pharoah is unimpressed.

THE SECOND PLAGUE EXODUS 8 Aaron conjures a swarm of annoying frogs from out of the Nile. Pharoah's mages knew this trick as well. Pharoah asks Moses to banish the frogs and agrees to let the Israelites go if he does. The frogs die and Pharoah refuses to Let the Israelites Go.

THE THIRD PLAGUE EXODUS 8:16 Aaron strikes the dust of the Earth with his staff and transforms it into annoying mosquitoes all through Egypt. Pharoah's magicians are unable to replicate this spell. This convinces the Pharoah's that Aaron has the power of God behind his spells. Pharoah refuses to Let the Isralites Go.

THE FOURTH PLAGUE EXODUS 8:21 Aaron conjures beetles everywhere but the area the Israelites live in, an area named Goshen. Pharoah agrees to let the Isralites perform their sacrifice in Egypt, but Moses demands they be permitted to go into the desert, because their worship is "outrageous to Egyptians" and "they will stone" the Israelites. Pharoah agrees, but when the beetles are banished, refuses once again.

THE FIFTH PLAGUE EXODUS 9 Moses casts a curse that kills all Egyptian livestock, but leaves Israelite livestock untouched. Pharoah refuses to Let the Israelites Go.

THE SIXTH PLAGUE EXODUS 9:8 Moses hurls soot from the kiln into the air and all of Egypt, including Pharoah's magicians catch a smallpox like disease. Pharoah does not Let Them Go.

THE SEVENTH PLAGUE EXODUS 9:13 Moses uses his staff to conjure a mighty hailstorm that kills what is strikes and destroys trees. Pharoah is impressed and agrees to Let the Israelites Go, Moses banishes the storm and Pharoah refuses to Let Them Go.

THE EIGHTH PLAGUE EXODUS 10 Moses threatens to conjure locusts to destroy all plants and crops in Egypt. Pharoah's ministers suggest he Let Them Go.   Pharoah only permits men to go, but Moses demands women, children and livestock be permitted to go as well. Moses uses his staff to conjure an east wind carrying locusts which devoured all. Again, Pharoah agrees to Moses' demands, Moses banishes the locusts with a wind from the west, and Pharoah refuses to Let Them Go.

THE NINTH PLAGUE EXODUS 10:24 Moses conjures darkness over Egypt. Pharoah agrees to let women and children go but Moses demands livestock as well. Pharoah refuses.

THE TENTH PLAGUE EXODUS 11-12 Yahweh passes through Egypt and kills all the firstborns, human and animal, except those of the Israelites who put the blood of a ritualistically slaughtered animal on their doors for protection. The Israelites eat dressed with a belt, sandals and staff, ready to leave. Pharoah finally Lets the Israelites Go.

1400 BCE Achaens conquer Greece from the north.

1392 BCE (CONFLICT WITH 1 KINGS 6) According to Orthodox Judaism, Moses is born.

~1352 BCE Amunhotep who will become Akhenaten becomes Pharoah of Egypt. He will declare the sun god Aten the one and only true god.

~1350 BCE The empire of the chariot-riding Hittites reaches it's zenith.

~1335 BCE Akhenaten, Pharoah of Egypt and first monotheist, dies. He will be folloiwed by Tutenkhamun.

~1315 BCE (CONFLICT WITH 1 KINGS 6) Orthodox Jewish date for the Exodus.

~1,300 BCE The Indus valley civilization ceases to exist. Iron wielding Achaeans conquer bronze using Pelasgian Greece from the north. Phrygians enter Asia Minor. Hesiod's Heroic Age and Ovid's Iron Age begin. Bronze Khopesh sword falls out of use. Earliest (bronze) swords known in Britain. These swords were riveted to the hilt instead of made with a tang and therefore more fragile than later swords.

1279 BCE Ramses II becomes Pharaoh of Egypt.

1274 BCE The Battle of Kadesh. The Hittite and Egyptian Empires clash in the biggest chariot battle of all time. The Sards, working as mercenaries for the Egyptian pharaoh Ramses II, utilized round shields to protect against Hittite arrows.

1271 BCE (CONFLICT WITH 1 KINGS 6) Moses dies according to Rabbinical Judaism.

1213 BCE The end of the reign of Ramses II.

~1200 BCE Spoke wheeled chariot technology has spread from central Eurasia all the way to China and Scandanavia. The iron sword is invented by the Halstadt culture. Minoan civilization withers away on the island of Crete, likely destroyed by the "Sea People" - possibly Jason and the Argonauts who existed at this time and were said to destroy the giant bronze automaton Talos on Crete. Sea People are also known to have harassed the Egyptian Empire around this time. Herakles of the 12 Labors, the Greek hero and demigod, lived at this time, as did Samson from the Old Testament. Perhaps they were the same person?! Two armies clashed at a river crossing near the Baltic Sea. Thousands of warriors came together in a brutal struggle, perhaps fought on a single day, using weapons crafted from wood, flint, and bronze, a metal that was then the height of military technology. Struggling to find solid footing on the banks of the Tollense River, a narrow ribbon of water that flows through the marshes of northern Germany toward the Baltic Sea, the armies fought hand-to-hand, maiming and killing with war clubs, spears, swords, and knives. Bronze- and flint-tipped arrows were loosed at close range, piercing skulls and lodging deep into the bones of young men. Horses belonging to high-ranking warriors crumpled into the muck, fatally speared. Not everyone stood their ground in the melee: Some warriors broke and ran, and were struck down from behind.

~1190 BCE The Trojan War.

~1175 BCE Indo European "Sea People" (including Philistines) comprehensively defeated by Ramses III, who fought them in "Djahi" (the eastern Mediterranean coast) and at "the mouths of the rivers" (the Nile delta), recording his victories in a series of inscriptions in his mortuary temple at Medinet Habu. These "Sea People" then settle the Gaza Strip and establish the Philistine state, now known as the Gaza Strip part of Palestine, possibly as a client state of Egypt. At this time the Philistines controlled five cities known as the Pentapolis of which Gaza was the south-westernmost. RELIGION See Genesis 10:13-14

1150 BCE: Final Egyptian withdrawal from southern Canaan. Bronze "rapier" style shortswords are last used at this time.

~1100 BCE Dorians invade Greece from the north. The end of the Terramara period in northern Italy as invaders attack from the north. Hesiod's Iron Age begins.

From Madison Grant's The Passing of the Great Race:

"...the Nordic Umbrians and Oscans swept over the Alps from the northeast, conquered northern Italy and introduced their Aryan speech, which gradually spread southward."

1079 BCE Birth of Saul, future King of Israel.

1046 BCE End of the Shang dynasty in China and the rise of the Zhou.

1040 BCE Birth of David, future King of Israel.

1010 BCE As Philistine (Palestinians) and Israeli armies gather before battle, the Philistine champion, Goliath is challenged by a young man named David. David slays Goliath with a sling. Death of Saul; David becomes King of Israel. HISTORICAL MAGIC 1 SAMUEL 28 King Saul of Israel visits the Witch of Endor, a necromancer (i.e. can talk to the dead). The Witch summons Samuel for Saul. The voice of the prophet's ghost, after complaining of being disturbed, berates Saul for disobeying God, and predicts Saul's downfall, with his whole army, in battle the next day, then adds that Saul and his sons will join him, then, in the abode of the dead. Saul is shocked and afraid, and following the encounter his army is defeated and Saul commits suicide after being wounded.

1002 BCE Unification of the Kingdoms of Judah and Israel under David.

~1,000 BCE Israel conquers Philistia. The ancestor of written Hebrew, paleo-Hebrew, is invented at this time or earlier. Sometime during the next several hundred years Celts begin the practice of banding chariot wheels with iron. Dorians establish the city of Sparta when they subjugate the local population. Niger-Congo people (Black Africans) from the Nigeria/Camaroon region begin to slowly expand into Khoisan land to the south and east, a process known as the Bantu Expansion that lasts for about a thousand years. The Khoisan are dominated by these Niger-Congo B, or Bantu, imperialists and continue to be dominated today in most of their homeland by Black Africans. Augustine's Fourth Age begins. Iron working technology begins to enter Europe from the Caucasus. End of Capacha tradition in western Mexico.

970 BCE Death of King David. Beginning of Solomon's reign.

~950 BCE Approximate date of the Wilburton bronze sword, which was made with a tang (1.25 lbs, blade 17.5", tang 5").

931 BCE End of Solomon's reign.

~900 BCE Kassites lose control of Mesopotamia. Writing is invented by Olmecs in MesoAmerica. Chariots with their teams of horses and paired driver-archer crews evolve into primitive cavalry in central Eurasia (with the warriors riding horses instead of in a chariot). This early cavalry still had pairs of men working together, one archer and one "driver" who held the reins of both horses. HISTORICAL MAGIC Elijah the fire casting Biblical prophet and Jezebel lived at this time.

~800 BCE Semites have established military/trading colonies in Anatolia (Turkey) and East Africa. Etruscans extend their empire in Italy north to the Alps. Crossbows are invented in Asia on the outskirts of China. These original crossbows are bows that have been modified to act as unattended traps. Crossbows soon become an important weapon in China. Iron (xiphos/gladius like) shortswords have become widespread. Ironworking technology enters China. Urnfield culture evolves into the Halstatt culture, the ancestors of all the Celtic populations. Age of the Ewart Park sword. Beginning of Shaft Tomb tradition in Western Mexico.

According to Madison Grant's The Passing of the Great Race, Gaelic people (Irish, Scots) arrived in the British Isles at this time.

776 BCE First Olympics.

753 BCE April 21. According to legend, the city of Rome is founded by twin brothers Romulus and Remus.

~750 BCE Cavalry begin to hold their own reins, each man with his own weapons, instead of having half the men armed and the other half acting as drivers for both. Thus, now a pair of cavalrymen consists of two independent horsemen, each with weapons, instead of one team of two horses, one archer and one driver as before. This doubles the firepower and maneuverability of cavalry forces which were already more agile than chariots. Phoenicians take control of Malta.

745 BCE Tiglath Pileser III of the Assyrian Empire is born.

725 BCE Tiglath Pileser III dies.

722 BCE Beginning of the Spring and Autumn period in China.

~700 BCE Hesiod composes his Theogony, which describes the origins of the Greek deities. Age of the Gundlingen sword.

680 BCE Cimmerians, the ancestors of modern ethnic Iranians (Aryans), cross the Caucasus and overrun Asia Minor.

~650 BCE Greek soldiers begins to use the heavy Hoplon shield at this time in tightly packed formations. They become known as Hoplites which evolve into the Phalanx. Sparta rises to become the dominant land power in Greece.

~622 BCE Birth of Ezekiel.

~600 BCE The Hallstatt culture - the original Celts, originally centered in the eastern Alps - now extends for some 1000 km, from the Champagne-Ardenne in the west, through the Upper Rhine and the upper Danube, as far as the Vienna Basin and the Danubian Lowland in the east, from the Main, Bohemia and the Little Carpathians in the north, to the Swiss plateau, the Salzkammergut and to Lower Styria. Gauls conquer the Valley of the Po. The expansion of the Celts cuts off trade between Scandinavia and the Mediterranean. The 6th and 5th century BC was a tipping point for exports and imports on the European continent. The ever increasing conflicts and wars between the central European Celtic tribes and the Mediterranean cultures destabilized old major trade routes and networks between Scandinavia and the Mediterranean, eventually breaking down, and it changed the Scandinavian cultures dramatically. Now they had to be practically self-dependent and self-sustaining. Archaeology attests a rapid and deep change in the Scandinavian culture and way of life. Agricultural production became more intensified, organized around larger settlements and with a much more labour-intensive production. Slaves were introduced and deployed, something uncommon in the Nordic Bronze Age. The rising power, wealth and organization of the central European tribes in the following centuries did not seem to instigate an increased trade and contact between Scandinavia and central Europe before 200 BCE.

597 BCE Jews deported to Babylon.

587 BCE Babylonians sack Jerusalem. Jews second deportation to Babylon.

586 BCE The Temple of Solomon is burned to ashes by Nabuchodonosor.

582 BCE Third Jewish deportation to Babylon.

570 BCE Death of Ezekiel.

551 BCE September 28. Confucius is born.

544 BCE Sun Tzu is born.

538 BCE Cyrus the Great establishes the Persian Empire. He takes Babylon and ends the Jewish Babylonian captivity. Augustine's Fifth Age begins.

516 BCE The Second Temple of Solomon is dedicated.

~509 BCE Roman Republic is born.

~500 BCE Calendars in use in Mesoamerica. Phoenician Semites have established colonies all through the central and southern Mediterranean coastal areas and islands. The book of Numbers is written. Eastern European Celts invent chainmail armor, which excels as personal body armor especially against blades (swords and axes) which cut through leather. Greece acquires crossbow technology in the form of the gastraphetes.

496 BCE Death of Sun Tzu.

~490 BCE Heavy cavalry is invented as horses are bred to larger sizes in the Nisaean plain in Media such that they are capable of carrying heavy armored warriors.

480 BCE August or September. The Battle of Thermopylae. This is the famous battle in which 300 Spartans held a narrow pass against overwhelming numbers of Imperial Persian forces.

479 BCE Confucius dies.

476 BCE Beginning of the Warring States period in China.

469 BCE Socrates is born.

~450 BCE The staff-sling evolves into the traction trebuchet in China. These are powered by groups of men who yank a rope to make the staff-sling fling the projectile. Halstadt culture evolves into La Tene culture in western Europe which spread ironworking technology into Britain and Gaul.

447 BCE Constructions begins on the Parthenon.

438 BCE Parthenon is finished.

431 BCE The beginning of the Peloponnesian war between Sparta and Athens.

~425 BCE Plato is born.

420 BCE The gastraphetes evolves into the ballista, a giant artillery crossbow.

404 BCE Sparta defeats Athens, ending the Peloponnesian war.

~400 BCE Olmec civilization in Mesoamerica begins to collapse, especially in the east. The cho-ko-nu, a magazine fed semiautomatic crossbow, is invented in China. Toy helicopters (rotor on a stick, spun in hands) invented in China.

399 BCE Socrates dies.

397 BCE Greek siege of Motya, a Carthaginian stronghold in Sicily. Crossbow-artillery in the form of gastrophetes and ballista are used by the Greeks.

390 BCE Gauls under Brennus defeat the Romans at the Battle of the Allia and sack Rome.

~385 BCE Mormon, the author of the Book of Mormon, lived at this time.

384 BCE Aristotle is born.

371 BCE Thebes defeats Sparta in the Battle of Leuctra.

360 BCE Plato's dialogues Timaeus and Critias are written.

356 BCE Philip of Macedonia founds a city at a gold mine in Greece and names it Phillipi.

~350 BCE An Egyptian scroll describing magical techniques is written. Today it is known as the "Bremner-Rhind Papyrus".

~348 BCE Plato dies.

339 BCE Macedon conquers Greece.

332 BCE Alexander the Great of Macedon conquers Gaza. Malta becomes Carthaginian.

~330 BCE Torsion catapults (called Onagers because they kick like a donkey when discharged, typical specimen throws softball sized stones up to 150 meters with a flat, horizontal trajectory) are invented in Greece.

322 BCE Aristotle dies.

317 BCE Ge Hong writes his book Baopuzi ("Master who embraces simplicity"). Here is an excerpt talking about Chinese flying technology:

Some have made flying cars with wood from the inner part of the jujube tree, using ox-leather (straps) fastened to returning blades so as to set the machine in motio. Others have had the idea of making five snakes, six dragons and three oxen, to meet the "hard wind" and ride on it, not stopping until they have risen to a height of forty li. That region is called [Taiqing 太清] (the purest of empty space). There the Qi is extremely hard, so much so that it can overcome (the strength of) human beings. As the Teacher says: "The kite (bird) flies higher and higher spirally, and then only needs to stretch its two wings, beating the air no more, in order to go forward by itself. This is because it starts gliding (lit. riding) on the 'hard wind'. Take dragons, for example; when they first rise they go up using the clouds as steps, and after they have attained a height of forty li then they rush forward effortlessly (lit. automatically) (gliding)." This account comes from the adepts, and is handed down to ordinary people, but they are not likely to understand it.

300 BCE Antioch founded by a Hellenic king. China invents steel swords. Repeating crossbow technology reaches Greece in the form of the artillery weapon known as the Polybolos, invented by Dionysius of Alexandria. End of Jodon period and beginning of the Yayoi period in Japan.

According to Madison Grant's The Passing of the Great Race, Brythons (AKA Cymrics, Welsh, Britons) arrive in Britain at this time.

298 BCE Celts defeated by Cassander at Haemus Mons.

279 BCE The "Great Expedition". Gaulish Celts invade Greece in the Battle of Thermopylae (279 BCE). Some of these Gauls travel to Asia Minor where they establish the nation of Galatia.

241 BCE Romans take control of Malta.

221 BCE The Qin imperial dynasty rises to power in China.

202 BCE The Han dynasty rises to power in China.

~200 BCE Chinese encounter "Wu-suns" (tall people) in what is now Chinese Turkestan. The Celtic tribes had organized themselves in numerous urban communities known as oppida and the more stable political situation in Europe allowed for a whole new economic development and trade.

146 BCE Romans conquer Greece and raze Corinth.

139 BCE Jews are expelled from Rome for proselytizing.

~120 BCE Toe-stirrups are used in India. These are slipped around the big toe.

111 BCE Beginning of Chinese domination over Vietnam.

~100 BCE The Vedas are first written down by Buddhists.

88 BCE Athens rebels against Rome.

86 BCE Rome takes Athens, destroys the walls and decimates the populace of the city. Athens' cultural strength prevented Rome from totally destroying the city.

70 BCE October 15. Birth of Virgil.

67 BCE Rome annexes Tarsus to combat piracy.

58 BCE Rome annexes Cyprus to combat piracy.

56 BCE Julius Caesar conquers the Armorican Peninsula (also known as Brittany in northwest France). The main resistance came from the Veneti. After their defeat their leaders were killed and the tribe sold as slaves.

50 BCE FICTION. The setting of the Asterix comic strip.

45 BCE Julius Caesar is appointed perpetual dictator of Rome, transforming the Roman Republic into the Roman Empire. He has a colony rebuilt at Corinth.

44 BCE March 15 (Ides of March). As Julius Caesar arrived at the Senate, Tillius Cimber presented him with a petition to recall his exiled brother. Other conspirators crowded round to offer support. Caesar waved him away, but Cimber grabbed his shoulders and pulled down Caesar's tunic. Caesar then cried out, "Why, this is violence!" . At the same time, Casca produced his dagger and made a glancing thrust at the dictator's neck. Caesar turned around quickly and caught Casca by the arm and said, "Casca, you villain, what are you doing?" Casca, frightened, shouted, "Help, brother!". Within moments, the entire group, including Brutus, was striking out at the dictator. Caesar attempted to get away, but, blinded by blood, he tripped and fell; the men continued stabbing him as he lay defenseless on the lower steps of the portico. 60 or more men participated in the assassination. He was stabbed 23 times. Caesar's last words were "You too, child?".

42 BCE Battle in Phillipi. Octavius wins.

31 BCE September 2. Battle of Actium. Marc Antony and Cleopatra lose to Octavius Caesar.

27 BCE January 4. The end of the Roman Republic and the beginning of the Roman Empire as Octavian is given the honorific Augustus by the Roman Senate.

20 BCE Herod the Great begins a massive campaign of restoration for the Temple of Solomon that would last decades.

9 BCE The first use of Lorica Segmentata armor by the Romans.

5 BCE Passover: Jesus of Nazareth was born.

9 CE Germanic warriors destroy three reinforced Roman Legions in the Battle of Teutoburg Forest.

~10 CE Saul of Tarsus was born. St Martha, Lazarus' sister, is said to have tamed the Torrasque dragon with nothing but holy water around this time in southern France.

19 CE Jews are expelled from Rome for proselytizing.

19 CE September 21. Virgil dies.

23 CE Fire in Antioch leads to Tiberius renovating porticoes decorating main street.

31 CE Passover: Jesus is crucified.

31 CE Saul of Tarsus, educated in Jerusalem as a Pharisee (a Jewish group), begins to enthusiastically suppress Christianity. The Biblical Book of Acts describes his life.

34 CE Saul of Tarsus leaves Jerusalem with the intent of suppressing Christianity in other cities, starting with Damascus. As he travels he has a vision of Jesus, however, and converts to Christianity. He dedicates his life to spreading his new religion.

37 CE Antioch experiences a major earthquake.

41 CE Caligula dies.

~50 CE The Ulster Cycle. Cuchulainn.

53 CE September 18. Trajan is born.

~56 CE Birth of Gaius Tacitus.

57 CE: Saul of Tarsus arrives in Caesaria and heads back toward Jerusalem.

~60 CE The Biblical Book of Acts (of the Apostles) is written, as is Revelation. HISTORICAL MAGIC - Simon Magus the Samaritan, known as the Standing One, and his consort Helen lived sometime just before this time. He was said to have the power to levitate and/or fly (possibly in a demonic chariot), though the prayers of saints were able to dispel this power and bring him crashing to the ground. He could also make his body immaterial as smoke so as to be immune to attack. Simon once asked Saint Peter for the spell by which Peter "laid on hands" (healing and/or transferring the Holy Spirit into the wounded) inspiring the name of the sin of Simony.

64 CE Rome burns. Nero is suspected of causing the fire. He takes the land and declares that a palace will be built on it. Nero blames Christians for the fire. Nero is "the Beast" whose number is 666 in Revelations. Using a common code of the time, the letters in the phrase KAISER NERO add up to 666.

66 CE Vespatian puts down a rebellion in Judea but never takes Jerusalem. He soon declares himself Emporer, and the Senate supports him. He has Nero's palace replaced by the Colloseum.

67 CE Nero "wins" all the gold medals at the Olympics, including for poetry. The judges were unanimous.

68 CE Nero is forced to kill himself.

70 CE Vespatian's son Titus takes Jerusalem. He destroys the Temple of Solomon and decimates the population.

~75 CE Pliny the Elder publishes his Naturalis Historia. HISTORICAL MAGIC Nereids are mentioned in the Naturalis Historia and Pliny also mentions a merman in his writings.

95 CE Revelation is often said to be written at this time, but since Nero is referenced (the Beast whose number is 666) it probably dates from a few decades earlier.

98 CE Trajan becomes Roman Emporer.

~100 CE Japan learns how to make swords from Korea. These swords were of the straight chokuto style.

~113 CE Death of Pliny.

117 CE August 8. Trajan dies.

~125 CE Tacitus dies.

150 CE First use of the Runic alphabet (Elder Futhark) by Germanic peoples. Since Odin is said to have discovered the runes, perhaps this is when a historical Odin became deified and replaced Tyr as head of the pantheon. Perhaps Odin, who sacrificed himself to himself by hanging on the World Tree, with a spear in his side, was a Nordic name for Jesus himself?! Runes were carved on wands instead of parchment or paper.

166 CE First Roman ambassador arrives in China.

184 CE Yellow Turban Revolt in China.

~200 CE The Preclassic period of Mesoamerican civilization ends and the Classic era begins.

220 CE Beginning of the Three Kingdoms period in China.

~250 CE In Japan, the Yayoi period evolves into the Kofun period.

~270 CE Saint Valentinius is martyred.

270 CE March 15. Saint Nicholas (Santa Claus) is born.

~275 CE St George is born to a Greek family in the Israel region. He joins the Roman army and legend has him slaying a dragon.

280 CE End of Three Kingdoms period in China as the Ji dynasty unites the country.

284 CE Second Roman ambassador arrives in China.

~300 CE The Bantu Expansion ends as Black Africans, originally from Nigeria and Camaroon, reach the south and east African coasts.  HISTORICAL MAGIC A Babylonian Jew called Rava (full name Abba ben Joseph bar Ḥama) is said to have animated a clay golem about this time. St George slays a watery plague dragon in "Silene", Libya. This time period represents the End Times described in Revelation. As Rome becomes officially Christian Jesus and the Saints (Christians martyred by Rome) metaphorically/spiritually come to rule via the Church, beginning the one thousand year reign of Christ. The Roman Gladius evolves into the longer Spatha. The Roman armor Lorica Segmentata stops being used.

303 CE April 23. St George, formerly an influential and well liked officer, is tortured and executed by the Roman Empire for refusing to sacrifice to the Roman gods and publicly declared himself a Christian (which was illegal because of a new decree by Diocletion.

307 CE Constantine becomes Emperor of Rome.

322 CE Paired stirrups were invented before this time in Jin dynasty China such that their image was carved into a tomb wall at this date.

330 CE Byzantium rebuilt as Constantinople, new capital of the (Eastern/Byzantine) Roman Empire.

337 CE May 22. Constantine the Great dies.

343 CE December 6. Saint Nicholas (Santa Claus) dies.

~350 CE Saxons raid and settle both coasts of the English Channel. The coasts of the channel become known as Litus Saxonicum - the Saxon Shore. Earliest use of Ogham letters by Celtic (Irish and Welsh) people.

378 CE Gothic lancers defeat Roman legions at Battle of Adrianople.

~385 CE Magnus Maximus withdraws Britano-Roman legions from Britain and settles them in Brittany.

393 CE Christian Rome bans the pagan Olympic games.

~400 CE The Notitia Dignitatum is written. Over the next three to five centuries Slavic people expand out from the Carpathians. A legendary Polish king slays the Wawelski dragon by feeding it a poisoned sheep. He founds the city of Krakow on the hill above the dragon's cave. Horses become used in Japanese warfare and shields stop being used this century in that country.

410 CE Rome is sacked by Visigoths.

420 CE Beginning of the era of Northern and Southern Dynasties in China.

434 CE Atilla becomes leader of the Huns.

~450 CE HISTORICAL MAGIC In legend Saint Patrick drives the snakes from Ireland. Historically Patrick is most likely based on a man named Palladius who had been sent to prevent the spread of the Pelagian Heresy to Ireland. St Patrick also shattered an idol to the earth god Crom (Conan the Barbarian's god in the stories) with a sledgehammer. The book Physiologus is written. In it the anatomy of a mermaid is discussed. 451 CE A Roman-Visigoth-Armorican Celt alliance defeats the Huns at Chalons, also known as the Catalaunian Plains.

451 CE June 2. The Battle of Avarayr between Armenians and Sassanid Persians.

453 CE Atilla the Hun dies.

454 CE Huns are defeated by a Germanic coalition in the Battle of Nedao.

457 CE Childeric I succeeds Merovich as King of the Salian Franks. This is considered the beginning of the Merovingian Dynasty - the Long Haired Kings.

460 CE Night of the Long Knives. Anglo Saxons murder British rivals under flag of truce.

476 CE The Western Roman Empire falls and the European Early Middle Age (or Dark Age) begins.

481 CE Childeric I dies.

486 CE Merovingian Franks win the Battle of Soissons and become rulers of Gaul, renaming it France after themselves.

~500 CE Saxons (i.e. the English) and Britons (i.e. the Welsh) fight for control of what is now England. King Arthur Pendragon is generally thought to represent the leader of the British resistance. England is born when the Britons eventually lose. LEGEND Merlin the half demon sorcerer shows Vortigern that his castle is being undermined by two dragons who are fighting - the red British dragon against the white English dragon. In legend unlike reality the red dragon wins.

In the course of time, the usurping king Vortigern, to buttress the defence of the kingdom of Great Britain which he unrighteously held, summoned warlike men from the land of Saxony [AKA the English] and made them his allies in the kingdom. Since they were pagans and of devilish character, lusting by their nature to shed human blood, they drew many evils upon the Britons [AKA Welsh]. Presently their pride was checked for a while through the great Arthur, king of the Britons. They were largely cleared from the island and reduced to subjection. But when this same Arthur, after many victories which he won gloriously in Britain and in Gaul, was summoned at last from human activity, the way was open for the Saxons to go again into the island, and there was great oppression of the Britons, destruction of churches and persecution of saints. This persecution went on through the times of many kings, Saxons and Britons [English and Welsh] striving back and forth. In those days, many holy men gave themselves up to martyrdom; others, in conformity to the Gospel, left the greater Britain which is now the Saxon's homeland [England], and sailed across to the lesser Britain [Britanny in France]

William, Chaplain to Bishop Eudo of Leon - "Legend of St. Goeznovius, preface" (c. 1019)

http://www.britannia.com/history/arthur/historians.html

This represents the second major wave of British immigration to Brittany after Magnus Maximus settled his British legions there. In addition to Anglo-Saxons, raids by the seaborne Scoti (AKA Gaels or Irish/Scottish) also contributed to this British exodus from Britain to the mainland.

At this time, Nahua speaking people from the American Southwest (aka Aztlan/La Gran Chichimeca/North American Desert/USA-Mexico border region) begin moving south, displacing speakers of Oto-Manguean languages.

~515 CE LEGEND Beowulf fights the monster Grendel.

516 CE Higlac raids the Franks. Beowulf is said to be on this raid.

519 CE Swedes kill the King of the Geats. Beowulf inherits the crown.

525 CE HISTORICAL MAGIC St Samson witnesses a stolen piece of bread transform into a viper.

538 CE End of the Kofun period in Japan.

552 CE May 31 LEGEND the Japanese goddess Benzaiten subdues a five headed dragon.

563 CE St Columba establishes the monastery at Iona in Scotland and commenced the conversion of the Picts.

570 CE Muhammed, founder of Islam, is born. LEGEND Beowulf and a venomous dragon kill one another.

589 CE China united under the Sui.

590 CE The oldest known text in the Breton language was written. It was a botanical treatise.

~600 CE Hawaii colonized by Hawaiians. Centralized power in the form of a Chiefdom led to a large scale expedition allowing Hawaiians to reach Hawaii. This event has many parallels with both feudalism and capitalism; the Chief financed the expedition and profited when he acquired the Hawaiian Islands. Slavs have expanded into the Balkans. The Roman Spatha evolves into the Viking Sword.

618 CE Rise of the Tang dynasty in China.

629 CE Battle of Mu'tah between Muslims and Syrians.

~630 CE Saint Romanus of Rouen capture the Gargouille water spouting dragon (possibly a whale?)

On the left bank of the Seine were wild swamps through which rampaged a huge serpent or dragon who "devoured and destroyed people and beasts of the field". Romanus decided to hunt in this area but could only find one man to help him, a man condemned to death who had nothing to lose. They arrived in the serpent's land and Romanus drew the sign of the cross on the beast. It then lay down at his feet and let Romanus put his stole on him as a leash, in which manner he led it into the town to be condemned to death and burned on the parvis of the cathedral (or thrown into the Seine according to other authors). This legend was the origin for the bishops' privilege (lasting until 1790) to pardon one prisoner condemned to death each year, by giving the pardoned man or woman the reliquary holding Romanus's relics in a procession.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanus_of_Rouen

632 CE Muhammed dies.

634 CE Muslim conquest of Syria begins under Muhammed's successors - Rashidun Caliphs Abu Bakr and Umar ibn Khattab, with Khalid ibn al-Walid as their most important military leader.

635 CE Oswald gave the island of Lindisfarne on the coast of Northumberland for St Aidan to establish a famous monastery and set about converting the North of (what is now) England.

654 CE Pagan king Penda of Mercia is killed. Council of Whitby.

~680 CE The Strategikon of Byzantine Emporer Maurice is compiled. In it is the first evidence of European traction trebuchets (powered by human muscle).

684 CE January 13. Death of Saint Conan of the Isle of Man.

~700 CE Avars introduce stirrups to eastern Europe (e.g. Hungary). Central Europe is Christianized, introducing the Latin alphabet to the area.  LEGEND Anglo-Saxons discover the Dragon of Worm Hill. Bulgars found the city of Bilar after trying to slay a dragon. God gives the pious dragon wings so it can fly away. Winged spears like the Spetum/Ranseur/Partisan/Spontoon become common in Western Europe. The age of the Sutton Hoo Anglo Saxon burials.

722 CE Cornish Celts with the support of Danish Vikings defeat Anglo Saxons at Battle of Hehil.

726 CE Volcano erupts in the Eastern Mediterranean. Emporer Leo III interprets this as a divine warning and he responds with the Byzantine Iconoclasm.

727 CE Pope Gregory II calls a synod in Rome to discuss the Iconoclasm issue. The synod concludes that the Iconoclasm was heretical.

730 CE Emporer Leo III and Patriarch Germanicus I debate the Iconoclasm issue. Leo refuses to stop the Iconoclasm and Germanicus resigns. Leo replaces Germanicus with a new Patriarch, Anastasius. FICTION In H.P. Lovecraft's fictional universe, the "Mad Arab" Abdul Alhazred writes the Necronomicon.

731 CE Pope Gregory II dies and is replaced with Gregory III.

732 CE Charles Martel ("Charles the Hammer"), leader of the Franks (Roman trained Germanic infantry who used throwing axes called Franciscas, now called the French)leads the Franks to defeat the Moors (Arab and Berber cavalry) at the Battle of Tours, halting their expansion into France. This event introduced the stirrup to the French and represents the transition of the Merovingian to the Carolingian dynasty.

"And in the shock of the battle the men of the North [the French] seemed like a sea that cannot be moved. Firmly they stood, one close to another, forming as it were a bulwark of ice; and with great blows of their swords they hewed down the Arabs. Drawn up in a band around their chief, the people of the Austrasians carried all before them. Their tireless hands drove their swords down to the breasts [of the foe]."

-Mozarabic Chronicle of 754

740 CE Berber Revolt.

774 CE Charlemagne, descendant of Charles Martel, begins a campaign of expansion to expand the Frankish Empire, noted for it's heavy lancers (proto-knights).

Charlemagne ("Call Me" by Blondie) by the Teacherz:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cTTaVnZyG2g

778 CE August 15. Battle of Roncesvalles between Basques and Franks. This story is told in the Song of Roland, who dies in the battle. However in the Song of Roland the Basques are changed to Muslim Saracens.

793 CE. Vikings begin to raid England.

800 CE Christmas. In Rome, Pope Leo crowns Charlemagne Holy Roman Emporer.

843 CE Treaty of Verdun. Carolingian Empire is divided.

843 CE May 24. The Battle of Blain, also called the Battle of Messac, was fought by the forces of Lambert II of Nantes and Erispoe, prince of Brittany, against Renaud, Frankish Count of Nantes. It arose from Breton resistance to Frankish power within Brittany and disputes over control of the County of Nantes. The defeat of the Franks led to a period of Breton expansionism.

846 CE Saracens attack Rome.

849 CE Prince Albert of Wessex is born. He will become a king in life and a saint in death.

~850 CE Taoist priests in China invent gunpowder.

851 CE Frankish army was defeated at the Battle of Jengland by the Bretons under Erispoe; consequently Charles the Bald recognised the independence of Brittany and determined the borders that defined the historic duchy and later province.

865 CE Under Erispoe's successor Salomon, Hastein's Vikings and the Bretons united as one to defeat a Frankish army at the Battle of Brissarthe, near modern-day Le Mans. Two Frankish kings, Robert the Strong and Ranulf, were killed by the Vikings. The Franks were forced to confirm Brittany's independence from the Frankish kingdoms and expand Salomon's territory. As with Cornwall in 722, the Vikings tactically helped their Breton allies by making devastating pillaging raids on the Frankish kingdoms. Danes invade England.

870 CE Arabs conquer Malta.

875 CE King Halfdan of the Danish invading army settles in the area near York. Only Wessex remains of the four Anglo-Saxon kingdoms that existed when the Danes arrived because Wessex paid tribute.

Extra History - The Danelaw:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_K6P3T0NIjo

899 CE The Christian King Alfred the Great of England is martyred by pagan Vikings, elevating him to sainthood.

~900 CE Mayan Classic period ends and the Postclassic period begins. Magyars occupy Hungary, formerly occupied by Slavic people. Japanese swordcrafting advances from the Dark Ages jokoto stage into the medieval koto stage. The straight Japanese chokuto style evolves into the curved tachi style of sword. The beginning of "samurai warfare" methods in Japan. The earliest cross-hilts are made in Scandinavia by pagan Vikings. Polynesian people settle Easter Island.

907 CE Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period in China begins.

911 CE Danes, or "Northmen" (Normans) conquer Normandie in France.

939 CE End of Chinese domination of Vietnam.

955 CE Magyars (modern s) defeated at the Battle of the Lechfeld.

960 CE Rise of the Song dynasty in China.

962 CE Holy Roman Empire (so-called because the Pope gave it his blessing) forms in Germany. This is known by some Germanic scholars as "the First Reich".

~980 CE HISTORICAL MAGIC According to Russian legend, the bogatyr Dobrynya Nikitich slays the mighty bipedal, three headed, fire breathing dragon Zmey Gorynych (possibly east of Russia proper near the Ural mountains). The historical warlord is known for having been a pagan worshipper of Perun (Russian storm god) in his early life who became Christian later in life. Harald Bluetooth's servant encounters a friendly Landvaettar dragon.

~1000 CE The Viking Sword evolves into the medieval Arming Sword (~1 kg). Invention of paper money in Song China.

1004 CE Battle of Shanzhou in China. A Song crossbow sniper picks off Liao Dynasty general Xiao Talin.

1032 CE Western Xia dynasty rises in northwest China.

1044 CE The Chinese Wujing Zongyao military manuscript is written.  It claims that the crossbow used en masse was the most effective weapon against northern nomadic cavalry charges.

1054 CE The Great Schism between the Latin and Orthodox branches of Christianity.

1066 CE Battle of Hastings and approximate end of the Early Middle Age in Europe. High Middle Age begins. European population begins to rise dramatically.

From Madison Grant's The Passing of the Great Race:

"In the ring that clustered around Harold for the last stand on Senlac Hill many of the English thanes died with their Saxon king, armed solely with the stone battle-axes of their ancestors".

~1080 CE Rabbi Shlomo Yitzchaki, or Rashi, describes mermaids in the Talmud.

1087 CE About half of Saint Nicholas' relics are taken to Buri in Apulia, Italy.

1091 CE Normans take control of Malta.

1095 CE First Crusade declared to protect Constantinople from Muslims.

1097 CE Siege of Zevgminon. Byzantine Emporer Andronikos I Komnenos invents the counterweight trebuchet (projectile up to 300 kg, range up to 450 meters, moderately angled trajectory). Over the next few centuries these mighty machines will come to dominate siege warfare in the holy land. The technology will spread from there to Europe and Asia.

~1100 CE Welsh bowmen inflict heavy casualties on Anglo-Norman imperialists. This inspires the Anglo-British Longbow tradition which will last for several hundred years. The British Longbow, in addition to being long, also had characteristics of a natural composite bow, with heartwood instead of horn to increase compressive strength on the inside of the bow. Christians introduce the Latin alphabet to northern Europe. Saint Nicholas' bones (relics) are transferred to Venice.

1115 CE Jurchen Jin take power in Manchuria and Mongolia.

1132 CE Siege of De'an. First use of gunpowder weapons (the "fire lance")

1138 CE The Battle of the Standard. This is the first great English archery victory of the Middle Ages. Saladin is born.

1147-49 CE Second Crusade.

~1150 CE The Falchion sword (wide bladed one handed chopping sword with a crosshilt and weighted pommel) begins to be used in parts of Europe.

1154 CE Adrian IV, the first and only English Pope, gives Ireland to the Plantagenet king Henry II so that Henry could enforce a reorganisation of the Irish church on Roman lines.

1189 - 92 CE Third Crusade. The time of Richard the Lionheart and Robin Hood.

1193 March 4. Saladin dies.

1194 CE House of Hohenstaufen takes control of Malta.

~1200 CE HISTORICAL MAGIC Michael Scot, a famous wizard, worked for Holy Roman Emporer Frederick II. City of Kazan founded. A dragon named Zilant was supposedly involved.

1201 - 1204 CE Fourth Crusade. Ends with the sacking of Constantinople by the Crusaders.

1218 - 1221 CE Fifth Crusade

1220 CE In Scandinavia, the Poetic Edda and the Prose Edda are written down.

1223 CE Battle of the Kalka River. Mongol reconnaisance-in-force army destroys the army of the combined princes of Russia. Russian lack of discipline, communication and coordination is to blame.

1224 CE Muslims expelled from Malta.

1229 CE Sixth Crusade

1235 CE Mongol leader Ogedei Khan orders Batu Khan to conquer Russia.

1237 CE December 21. Mongol force arrives at Ryazan. When the city refuses to surrender the Mongols sack it and then storm Suzdalia.

1238 CE March 4. Russian Grand Prince Yuri was killed on the Sit River by Mongols. Mongols eventually capture major Russian cities such as Vladimir, Torzhok, and Kozelsk.

1239 CE Mongol leader Batu Khan returns to Russia and sacks Pereyaslavl and Chernihiv. Most of the Russian princes fled when it became clear resistance was futile.

1240 CE December 6. Mongols sack Kiev. Soon Mongol scout forces head into Poland. One column is routed by the Poles and one defeats a Polish army and returns to Russia. After holding a council of war in Przemysl, Batu Khan sends an ultimatum to King Bela of Hungary. "Word has come to me", he wrote, "that you have taken the Cumans, our servants, under your protection. Cease harboring them, or you will make of me an enemy because of them. They, who have no houses and dwell in tents, will find it easy to escape. But you who dwell in houses within towns–how can you escape me?" Rejecting the ultimatum, Béla sent heralds throughout Hungary carrying a bloody sword, the traditional symbol for a national emergency, to rally the nobles and vassals to the kingdom's defense.

1241 CE February. The Mongol army left its base in southern Russia and crossed the frozen rivers into central Europe. The force consisted of about 70,000 men, two-thirds of whom were light cavalry and the rest heavy cavalry, though all were equipped with bows. They were nominally commanded by Batu, but once again he was guided by Subotai. Even while campaigning in Russia, Subotai had been sending spies westward into central Europe to determine the political, economic and social conditions, as well as the military capabilities, of the kingdoms and duchies in that adjacent region. The results rewarded his efforts.

1241 CE March. 20,000 Mongols jointly commanded by Baidar and Kaidu, the grandson of Ogadei, started off first at the beginning of March 1241 and went north into Poland to draw off any support for Hungary that might be found there. The principal invasion force of about 50,000 men, commanded by Batu and Subotai, advanced a few days later and was itself broken into two contingents–the main body passed through the Carpathians into Hungary on March 12, while a small force to screen its southern flank, commanded by Kadan, son of Ogadei, passed through the Carpathians about 150 miles to the southeast and entered Transylvania.

1241 CE April 11. Mongols attack and defeat Hungarians at Battle of Mohi. Half of Hungary's population ends up dying. The Mongols used gunpowder weapons.

1242 CE Spring. Mongols extend their control into Austria, Dalmatia and Moravia.

1248 CE Mexica arrive in Chapultepec (Mexico City). Seventh Crusade begins.

~1250 CE Primitive two handed "bearing swords" begin to be made in Europe for ceremonial reasons. Possibly intended for politicians' bodyguards. HISTORICAL MAGIC Bartholomew Angelicus, in De Propietatibus Rerum, describes a mermaid, and tells of her stealing sailors from their ships. Speculum Regale, or The King’s Mirror, is written in Old Norse, a translated version appearing several centuries later. It also mentions merpeople.

1254 CE Seventh Crusade ends.

~1260 CE Gunpowder technology reaches the Muslim population in the Middle East.

1260 CE Battle of Ain Jalut. Mamlukes use cannons against the Mongols.

1266 CE Angevins of Anjou take control of Malta.

1271 CE Rise of the Mongolian Yuan dynasty in China.

1274 CE First attempted Mongol invasion of Japan.

1281 CE Second attempted Mongol invasion of Japan. The kamikaze (divine wind) defeated the Mongol fleet. Perhaps the kamikaze was conjured by the Japanese Imperial Sword?! The Mongols had explosive gunpowder shells. Other gunpowder weapons came into use around this time in China including hand cannons, mines, rockets and primitive flamethrowers.

1282 CE Spanish Aragon takes control of Malta.

~1300 CE High Middle Age transitions to Late Middle Ages in Europe. Famine becomes widespread. End of Jesus' thousand year reign as described in Revelation as Protestant nobles and businessmen rebel against the Church. This Germanic tradition of independence and individualism without religious oversight eventually leads to the World Wars as Satan is metaphorically released for a while as described in Revelations. The messer ("knife") becomes very common in Germany because it's legally not a sword due to a technicality. It is single edged, like a falchion or machete, with a crossguard and a "nail" providing additional hand protection. In India, tulwar swords begin to be used (one handed, curved, ~1 kg). The "coat of plates" armor begins to be used this century. The moai statues on Easter Island are carved.

1337 CE Hundred Years' War between England and France begins.

1346 CE August 26. Battle of Crecy.

~1350 CE The medieval Arming Sword evolves into the hand-and-a-half longsword (1.5 kg, 36 inch blade), sometimes called a "bastard sword", being the "bastard child" of an Arming Sword and a Greatsword.

1368 CE The Mongol controlled Yuan dynasty collapses in China and is replaced by the Han Chinese Ming dynasty.

~1375 CE Europeans invent corned gunpowder. LEGEND Stories are told of La Vibria, a Catalonian dragon with a beak and woman's breasts.

1380 CE Peasants' Revolt in England.

~1400 CE The Japanese tachi sword evolves into the katana (~28 inch blade, 1.5 kg). Katanas are better at being drawn quickly than tachi. The matchlock arquebus reaches Japan this century via Portuguese explorer-merchants.

1403 HISTORIC MAGIC A mermaid drifts inland through a broken dike on the Dutch coast during the heavy storm. She was spied by some local women and their servants, “who at the first were afraid of her, but seeing her often, they resolved to take her, which they did, and bringing her home, she suffered herself to be clothed and fed with bread and milk and other meats, and would often strive to steal again into the sea, but being carefully watched, she could not.” The mermaid later learned how to sew but never spoke. She died 15 years after she was discovered. John Swan, an English minister, describes the story in the 1635 book Speculum Mundi.

1415 CE October 25. Battle of Agincourt. English longbowmen defeat French knights in battle on muddy, hilly terrain.

~1420 CE Ferdinand Magellan is born. The "coat of plates" style of armor evolves into full steel plate armor and the lighter brigandine. War Wagons are used in the Hussite War.

1427 CE Mexican ("Aztec") Empire is born via the Triple Alliance.

1436 CE Vlad Dracul begins his reign as Duke of Wallachia.

1438 CE Beginning of expansion of the Inca Empire under Sapa Inca Pachacuti-Cusi Yupanqui.

1440 CE Approximate date of the Gladiatoria codex showing fighting techniques.

~1450 CE The medieval arming sword evolves into the longer, narrower espada ropera (dress sword, ~40 inch blade, ~1 kg) in Spain. This sword is specialized for stabbing but still has two sharp edges and is extremely effective in a one on one duel against another swordsman. It also has a series of rings around the hilt to protect the hand and enhance control of the blade with the fingers, leading to a "trigger finger" like position of the index finger around the crossguard. Two handed greatswords (5-6 feet tip to pommel, ~3 kg) become commonly used around this time as well. These greatswords are effective against polearms and excellent for warding enemies off while holding ground e.g. defending bridges.

1452 CE 15 April. Birth of Leonardo da Vinci.

1453 CE Turks conquer Constantinople and England loses the Hundred Years' War to France led by Joan of Arc. This signifies the end of the European Middle Ages.

~1455 CE Johann Gutenberg invents printing press with moveable type in Europe. China stops using paper money and switches to silver in an ultimately vain attempt to prevent catastrophic inflation.

1447 CE December. Death of Vlad Dracul.

1456 CE HISTORICAL MAGIC Johannes Hartlieb describes the "Seven Forbidden Arts" of magic: necromancy (death-magic), geomancy (earth-magic), hydromancy (water-magic), aeromancy (air-magic), pyromancy (fire-magic), chiromancy (palm reading) and scapulimancy (reading shoulder bones of slaughtered animals). This magic is primarily divination i.e. talking to the dead, not animating zombies; getting visions from looking at fire, not hurling fireballs.

1458 CE Formation of the Black Army of Hungary. This army was exceptional in that one fourth of the soldiers had arquebuses.

~1470 CE Birth of Johann Georg Faust.

1471 CE Sapa Inca Pachacuti dies.

1471 CE Easter. Battle of Barnet just north of London. Arming swords and Longswords were the primary weapons used.

1478 CE Dominican Alonso de Hojeda warned Ferdinand and Isabella, the Catholic Monarchs of Spain, that Christian converts in Sevilla weren't to be trusted. This event represents the beginning of the Spanish Inquisition. It should be noted that the Pope did not approve this Inquisition when it began; the Church was being used to enforce the power of the Crown. Protestants, Jews, Muslims, conversos, heretics and others were brutally tortured and executed to enforce the will of the King and Queen. Sephardic Jews left Iberia in large numbers and went to places like Iraq, Iran, Turkey and other Muslim lands where they were treated with more respect. The Inquisition would last for more than 300 years before being formally abolished.

The Spanish Inquisition (to the tune of "(Keep Feeling) Fascination" by The Human League) by the Teacherz
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=89Xv4mV1BIs

1479 CE October 13. Hungarians defeat Ottoman Turks at the Battle of Breadfield.

~1480 CE Battle of the Maule between Inca and Mapuche.

1485 CE Battle of Bosworth Field.

1492 CE Spanish conquest of Granada.

1492 CE October 12. A sailor on board Columbus' ship called Rodrigo saw the early morning moon shining on white sands, and cried out. It was an island in the Bahamas, the Caribbean sea. The first man to sight land was supposed to get a yearly pension of 10,000 maravedis for life, but Rodrigo never got it. Columbus claimed he had seen a light the evening before. He got the reward.

From Christopher Columbus' log (translated from Spanish): "They ... brought us parrots and balls of cotton and spears and many other things, which they exchanged for the glass beads and hawks' bells. They willingly traded everything they owned... . They were well-built, with good bodies and handsome features.... They do not bear arms, and do not know them, for I showed them a sword, they took it by the edge and cut themselves out of ignorance. They have no iron. Their spears are made of cane... . They would make fine servants.... With fifty men we could subjugate them all and make them do whatever we want."

1493 CE Jan 8. Christopher Columbus writes that an Admiral saw three mermaids rise high from the sea. Columbus wrote in his ship’s journal: “They were not as beautiful as they are painted, although to some extent they have a human appearance in the face.”

1494 CE Treaty of Tordesillas between the Catholic nations of Spain and Portugal overseen by the Pope distributes control of Africa and Brazil to Portugal and the rest of the Americas to Spain.

~1500 CE North American cultures were located as follows at this time:

1503 CE Battle of Cerignola between Spain and France. Spain wins under Gonzalo Fernandez de Cordoba who reorganized the army into the ancestors of the Tercio. This is the first battle in history won by firearms. Spain will become the dominant world power for the next century and a half.

1506 CE Battle of Cannanore. Magellan is wounded in this battle.

1509 CE Battle of Diu. Magellan is involved.

1511 CE Conquest of Malacca. Magellan participates. Pope Julius II declares a Holy League against France.

1512 CE Castile invades Iberian Navarre.

1513 CE Balboa discovers the Pacific. Juan Ponce de Leon explores Florida and is eventually killed by an indigenous archer.

1519 CE Cortez and his Tlaxcalan allies conquer the Mexican Empire. Magellan rounds the southern tip of South America.

1519 CE May 2. Death of Leonardo da Vinci.

~1520 CE Tomatoes are brought to Spain.

1521 CE April 27. Battle of Mactan in the Philippines. Ferdinand Magellan is killed. Juan Ponce de Leon is killed by an indigenous archer in Florida.

1522 CE Magellan's expedition completes the first circumnavigation of the globe.

1524 CE Castile drives Navarre north of the Pyrenees.

1525 CE Battle of Pavia. Spain captures the King of France on the battlefield. Treaty of Madrid.

1526 CE Francisco Pizarro's party of conquistadors enters Incan territory.

1528 CE Castile completes the conquest of Navarre north of the Pyrenees.

1529 CE Treaty of Cambrai formalizes the division of Navarre along the Pyrenees.

1530 CE Knights of St John (Knights Hospitaler) take control of Malta.

1531 CE Pizarro's party of conquistadors crosses to the Pacific and builds a new fleet of ships.

1532 CE Spanish conquest of the Incas. Machiavelli's The Prince is published.

1539-1542 CE De Soto explores the North American Southeast.

1540-1542 CE Francisco Coronado explores the North American Southwest

~1541 CE Death of Johann Georg Faust.

1545 CE Henry VIII's flagship Mary Rose sinks. It was full of late medieval English weapons which were later recovered including basket hilted swords and British war bows ('longbows').

~1550 CE Nostradamus the famous mystic lived at this time.

1557 CE Portuguese lease port of Macau from China.

1565 CE Knights Hospitaler repel Turkish invasion of Malta.

1568 CE Beginning of Eighty Years' War.

~1580 CE The rapier (a civilian evolution of the Latin side-sword/dress-sword) and parrying dagger combination begins to replace the basket hilted broadsword and buckler in northern Europe as gentlemens' sidearm set when Italian swordmasters (e.g Saviolo) open schools up north.

1582 CE Siege of Lochem.

1583 CE Habsburg Spain recovers the Southern Netherlands from the rebellious Dutch. This soon leads to the occupied ports being used as bases for privateers, the Dunkirkers, to attack the shipping of the Dutch and their allies.

1588 CE The Spanish Armada fails to land in England as English privateers harass it and force it to abort the mission and return home.

1589 CE The English Armada, led by Francis Drake, is defeated in its attempt to attack Spain.

1590 CE Hungarian Countess Elizabeth Báthory de Ecsed begins her twenty year long career of torturing and murdering young girls.

~1592 CE The Chinese classic Journey to the West is written. It is about the Monkey King and how he must accompany a Buddhist monk on a pilgimage to atone for his crimes. Japan invades Korea. Plague kills the last of The Queen's Men acting group in England.

1595 CE First English fencing treatise written by Saviolo, an Italian immigrant. Spanish ships and marines attack England in the Battle of Cornwall.

1596 CE Japanese swordsmithing moves into the Renaissance shinto stage. Japan and Korea declare a truce.

1597 CE Japan invades Korea.

1598 CE Juan de Oñate travels north from Mexico City to conquer and colonize what is now New Mexico. Japan withdraws from Korea.

1599 CE George Silver writes the first sword treatise by a native Englishman.

~1600 CE HISTORICAL MAGIC The MaHaRaL (legendary Rabbi) of Prague, Judah Loew ben Bezalel, according to a 19th century legend, animates a golem - a clay statue - using Kabbalah (Jewish religious magic). The Rabbi did exist, as did the idea of the golem, but the legend that he animated a golem seems to have originated ~200 years later. According to the legend he wrote the word for "Truth" on it's forehead to animate it and to de-animate it he modified the word slightly so that it became the word for "Death". The golem was made of clay because Adam was made of clay in the Jewish creation myth. There is another legend that Rabbi Eliyahu of Chelm also had a golem about this time. His was powered by a word hung about it's neck. Tokugawa seizes power in Japan. The buckler falls out of use, replaced by parrying daggers.

1600 CE July 2. The Battle of Nieuwpoort; new Dutch firearm tactics are found to be effective against Spanish Tercios.

1603 CE James VI of Scotland inherits the English throne, becoming James I of England as well as James VI of Scotland, initiating the union of these two countries that persists to the present day - the United Kingdom of Great Britain. Japan is unified under the Shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu.

1604 CE Treaty of London represents the end of the Anglo-Spanish War.

1605 CE Gunpowder Plot in England. The beginning of the Polish-Muscovite War.

1606 CE King Lear written.

1607 CE May 4. Jamestown colony, the first permanent English colony, formed in North America.

1610 CE Juan de Oñate founds Santa Fe, New Mexico.

1611 CE October 30. Gustavus Adolphus takes power in Sweden.

1613 CE Fire at the Globe Theater performing All is True [Henry VIII] effectively ends Shakespeare's career.

1614 CE HISTORIC MAGIC. Captain John Smith, of Pocahontas fame, sees a mermaid off the coast of Massachusetts.

1617 CE October 12. Gustavus Adolphus' coronation.

1618 CE Beginning of the Thirty Years' War. End of the Polish-Muscovite War. Truce of Deulino.

1620 CE Battle of White Mountain.

1622 CE Battle of Fleurus.

1624 CE Battle of Breda.

1632 CE November 6. End of Gustavus Adolphus' reign in Sweden.

1634 CE Battle of Nordlingen. After a period of extraordinary success, the Swedish-led Protestant forces were decisively defeated by a combined Catholic Imperial-Spanish army.

1635 CE British ships begin to be seen off the coast of China.

1639 CE Battle of Thionville.

1641 CE Battle of Honnecourt.

1642 CE Beginning of the English Civil War.

1643 CE May 14. Four year old Louis XIV becomes King of France.

1643 CE May 19. Battle of Rocroi. French heavy cavalry routed the Spanish cavalry and then the Spanish Tercio squares were bombarded with cannons. Despite losing, the Tercios (the elite Army of Flanders) did not surrender, but were allowed to leave the city they were defending with their weapons in formation. After this battle, the Tercio formation was abandoned by the Spanish and more modern linear formations were used.

1644 CE In China, Li Zicheng rebels against the Ming dynasty in Beijing and establishes the Shun dynasty. Rise of Qing dynasty in China. Battle of Marston Moor. The first detailed account of microscopic anatomy, Giambattista Odierna's L'occhio della mosca, or The Fly's Eye is published.

1645 CE End of English Civil War.

1648 CE Peace of Westphalia and end of both the Thirty Years' War and Eighty Years' War. From Wikipedia: "Scholars of international relations have identified the modern, Western originated, international system of states, multinational corporations, and organizations, as having begun at the Peace of Westphalia in 1648."

1649 CE Oliver Cromwell's Puritans execute King Charles I and declare a Republic named the Commonwealth of England. He then invades Ireland.

1656 CE Battle of Valenciennes.

1661 CE In an effort to cut off Ming loyalists, the Qing dynasty in China issued an edict to evacuate all populations living near the coast of southern China.

1669 CE The Qing edict evacuating the southern Chinese coast is repealed.

1680 CE Pueblo Revolt. Puy Pay the Pueblo rebels against Spanish colonists driving them out for twelve years.

1683 CE Taiwan comes under Qing control.

1692 CE Spanish colonists return to New Mexico. Twenty five accused Witches are executed in Salem.

1700 CE China begins using the Canton System. The Hapsburg King Charles II of Spain dies without an heir and leaves the Empire to Phillip, Bourbon King of France. The Hapsburg Emperor Charles of Austria and his allies prepare for war, beginning the War of Spanish Succession.

1701 CE Prince Eugene of Savoy seizes Spanish possessions in Italy and England seizes the Spanish Netherlands.

1704 CE Appalachian tribe massacred by English colonists in Queen Anne's War.

1704 CE August. France and Bavarian armies move on Vienna but are intercepted and defeated by England and Savoy. England defeats French and Spanish fleets off the coast of Spain and seizes Gibraltar. Anglo allied armies seize Barcelona and Madrid, but are unable to hold them.

1706 CE French withdraw from Italy and Spanish Netherlands.

1707 CE The Act of Union. England and Scotland merge to become the United Kingdom of Great Britain.

1713 CE War of Spanish Succession ends with negotiated treaties.

1715 CE Scottish rebellion in support of the claim to the throne of James Edward Stuart, known as the "Old Pretender". The rapier evolves into the smallsword.

1716 CE Spanish colonists found San Antonio, Texas.

1729 CE Opium smoking is outlawed in China by the Yongzheng Emporer.

1745 CE Second Scottish rebellion in support of the claim to the throne of James Stuart.

1757 CE The British Empire annexes Bengal after the Battle of Plassey.

1767 CE June 18. First contact of Europeans with Tahiti by British Captain Samuel Wallis.

1769 CE Father (and Saint) Junipero Serra founds the first of 21 California Missions.

1773 CE British Governer-General of Bengal abolishes the opium syndicate at Patna and establishes an opium monopoly.

1776 CE July 4. United States of America declares independence from the British Empire.

1781 CE Japanese swordsmithing moves into the early Modern shinshinto style.

~1787 CE Birth of Shaka kaSenzangakhona, also known as Shaka Zulu.

1798 CE Napoleon takes Malta.

1799 CE Qing reinstate opium ban in China.

1800 CE British, in support of local Maltese protestors, take control of Malta from France.

1810 CE The Chinese Empire issues a decree:

Fu, Lo-shu (1966). A Documentary Chronicle of Sino-Western relations, Volume 1. pp. 380.

Opium has a harm. Opium is a poison, undermining our good customs and morality. Its use is prohibited by law. Now the commoner, Yang, dares to bring it into the Forbidden City. Indeed, he flouts the law! However, recently the purchasers, eaters, and consumers of opium have become numerous. Deceitful merchants buy and sell it to gain profit. The customs house at the Ch'ung-wen Gate was originally set up to supervise the collection of imports (it had no responsibility with regard to opium smuggling). If we confine our search for opium to the seaports, we fear the search will not be sufficiently thorough. We should also order the general commandant of the police and police- censors at the five gates to prohibit opium and to search for it at all gates. If they capture any violators, they should immediately punish them and should destroy the opium at once. As to Kwangtung and Fukien, the provinces from which opium comes, we order their viceroys, governors, and superintendents of the maritime customs to conduct a thorough search for opium, and cut off its supply. They should in no ways consider this order a dead letter and allow opium to be smuggled out!

1815 CE Sunday June 18. Battle of Waterloo.

1818 CE May 5. Karl Marx is born.

1821 CE Mexico wins independence from the Spanish Empire.

1823 CE Monroe Doctrine announced.

1828 CE September 22. Death of Shaka Zulu.

1830 CE The birth of the nation of Belgium.

~1830 CE The setting of the Zorro stories.

1836 CE Colt patents it's famous revolver.

1839 CE First Opium War begins.

1842 CE First Opium War ends as does the Canton system of economics in China. Treaty of Nanking. Britain takes Hong Kong.

1845 CE James K. Polk is elected President of the USA.

1845 CE March 1. USA President John Tyler just before leaving office signs legislation authorizing the annexation of Texas, effective December 29 of this year.

1846 CE Mexican-American War begins.

1847 CE September 15. USA occupies Mexico City. This is enshrined in the United States Marine Corps Hymn: "From the Halls of Montezuma..."

1848 CE Mexican-American War ends. Karl Marx publishes the Communist Manifesto.

1849 CE Zachary Taylor elected President of the USA. (Former) President Polk dies soon after he leaves office.

1850 CE USA annexes California. President Zachary Taylor dies. His Vice President Millard Fillmore becomes President.

1851 CE Beginning of the Taiping rebellion in China. The British military first purchases revolvers (Colts).

1852 CE Franklin Pierce is elected President of the USA. Commodore Perry of the US Navy visits Japan with a squadron of "black ships" - steam powered frigates - and attempts to intimidate Japan into allowing trade with the USA. This is a textbook example of "gunboat diplomacy".

1853 CE Gadsden Purchase. USA purchases southern parts of Arizona and New Mexico from Mexico in order to build a southern transcontinental railroad to San Diego. Crimean War begins.

1854 CE March 31. Commodore Perry on his second trip to Japan is able to get the Japanese government to sign a treaty opening its markets to American business. His "black ships" with their powerful cannons aimed at Japan were a significant factor in the Japanese decision to sign the treaty.

1855 CE Santa Anna forced to resign as President of Mexico. General Juan Álvarez assumes the role of President.

1857 CE Mexican Constitution adopted.

1858 CE Reform War begins in Mexico.

1856 CE Second Opium War begins. Crimean War ends.

1860 CE Second Opium War ends.

1861 CE US Civil War begins.

1862 CE France invades Mexico.

1864 CE USA annexes Nevada. End of Taiping rebellion in China.

1865 CE US Civil War ends. The setting for Jules Verne's novel From the Earth to the Moon.

1866 CE FICTION The setting for Jules Verne's 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea.

1867 CE France withdraws from Mexico. Maximilian is executed.

1869 CE November 17. Suez Canal opens.

1870 CE France declares war on Prussia. The first recorded use of the phrase "robber baron".

1871 CE Wilhelm I unifies Germany into the Prussian Empire.

1873 CE Napoleon III dies in exile in Britain.

1876 CE Japanese swordsmithing advances into the gendaito style. Adventures of Tom Sawyer is published. Great Sioux War

1876 CE June 25-26. Battle of Little Bighorn in which indigenous Americans defeat and kill Custer's army.

1877 CE Satsuma Rebellion in Japan. FICTION This is the setting for the movie The Last Samurai.

1879 CE Zulus defeat British at Battle of Isandlwana.

1883 CE Death of Karl Marx.

1884 CE Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is published.

1889 CE The Nevada Paiute tribe begins the Ghost Dance which is intended to bring a great hero or Messiah to rescue the indigenous people of North America from their hardships.

1890 CE Catalonians in Spain begin to honor La Guita Xica, the "Kicking Mule Dragon". Approximate beginning of the Progressive Era in the USA.

1894 CE Beginning of First Sino-Japanese War.

1895 CE End of First Sino-Japanese War.

1896 CE USA annexes Utah. A French historian helps re-establish the Olympic Games which had been banned for 1500 years.

1897 CE Dracula is written by Bram Stoker.

1898 CE H.G. Wells publishes War of the Worlds. It was read out loud over the radio in segments, leading many people to believe it was happening for real.

1898 CE March 8. The French introduce their Canon de 75 modèle 1897. This 75 mm artillery gun is widely regarded as the first piece of modern artillery.

1901 CE Australia declares itself an independent federation and no longer a group of British colonies.

1903 CE H.G. Wells' short story The Land Ironclads is published.

1905 CE Rasputin meets the Tsar.

1906 CE HMS Dreadnought begins service.

1908 CE H.G. Wells' short story The War in the Air is published.

1910 CE Mexican Revolution.

1911 CE November. Francisco I. Madero elected President of Mexico.

1912 CE USA annexes Arizona. Establishment of the Republic of China.

1913 CE Mexican President Madero overthrown and executed by counterrevolutionary Victoriano Huerta.

1914 CE World War I begins.

1915 CE Armenian Genocide by Turks.

1916 CE Rasputin murdered.

1916 CE April 24. 1000-1500 Irish patriots rose up in rebellion against British rule of Ireland, seizing large parts of the capital city.

1916 CE Summer. The UK invents the Mark I Tank.

1917 CE Russian Revolution. USA declares war on Germany because of unrestricted U-boat warfare.

1917 CE February 5. A Mexican Constitution is approved which is very restrictive on the Catholic Church.

1918 CE World War I ends.

1919 CE February. The Polish-Soviet War begins.

1920 CE Approximate end of the Progressive Era in the USA.

1921 CE March. End of the Polish-Soviet War.

1922 CE June 28. Irish Civil War begins.

1923 CE May 24. Irish Civil War ends.

1925 CE Famous Theurgist Alistair Crawley lived at this time.

1926 CE Beginning of the Cristero War in Mexico after anti-clerical legislation (Calles Laws) is passed.

1929 CE Cristero War ends in Mexico.

1929 CE St Valentine's Day. The St Valentine's Day Massacre takes place as Southside Italian-American gangsters working for Al Capone murder Northside Irish-American rivals in Chicago.

1930 CE Beginning of the Great Depression.

1933 CE H.G. Wells publishes The Shape of Things to Come which attempts to predict the next century and a half.

1936 CE Jesse Owens wins four gold medals at the Berlin Olympics. This was very embarrassing for the Nazis.

1937 CE September 21. JRR Tolkein publishes The Hobbit, or There and Back Again.

1939 CE December 7 Empire of Japan bombs Pearl Harbor.

1940 CE Approximate end of the Great Depression.

1942 CE October 23. Battle of El Alamein begins.

1942 CE November 4. End of Battle of El Alamein.

1945 CE World War II ends. Japan surrenders after the USA drops nuclear bombs on the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Enormous Soviet armies are also on the way influencing the decision.

1947 CE August 15. British India is partitioned into Pakistan and India.

1949 CE October 1. Communists take control of mainland China and declare the PRC.

1950 CE June 17. The first human organ transplant in history was performed at the Little Company of Mary Hospital, in the Chicago suburb of Evergreen Park, Illinois. The surgery was performed by a team led by Dr. Richard M. Lawler. Ruth Tucker, of Jasper, Indiana, received a kidney from an unidentified woman who had died an hour earlier from cirrhosis of the liver. She would survive for five more years after the operation.

1953 CE The most modern stage of Japanese swordsmithing, the shinsakuto stage, begins.

1961 CE Berlin Wall is built.

1962 CE Samoa declares independence from New Zealand.

1963 CE November 22. John F Kennedy dies, assassinated by Lee Harvey Oswald. It is likely that his Vice President Lyndon Johnson from Texas authorized the hit so he could become President.

1964 CE Malta gains independence from Britain.

1964 CE July 2. Civil Rights Act of 1964 ends legal discrimination in the USA.

1966 CE Beginning of the Cultural Revolution in China.

1969 CE The Summer of Love.

1974 CE Malta becomes a Republic.

1976 CE Jimmy Carter becomes President of the USA. Mao Zedong dies.

1980 CE Ronald Reagan becomes President of the USA.

1982 CE December 4. The Peoples' Republic of China adopts its current Constitution.

1984 CE FICTION The setting for George Orwell's 1984. The setting at the beginning of Terminator.

1988 CE George H.W. Bush becomes President of the USA. Setting for Robocop.

1989 CE November 9. Fall of the Berlin Wall.

1992 CE Bill Clinton is elected President of the USA.

1997 CE FICTION In the Terminator series, Skynet takes over the world, unless stopped in 1984. This is known as Judgement Day.

2000 CE George 'Dubya' Bush is elected President of the USA.

2001 CE FICTION The setting for 2001: A Space Odyssey.

2001 CE September 11. Al Quaeda fanatics hijack passenger aircraft and ram the World Trade Center towers and other targets.

2003 CE February 26. An American businessman is admitted to the Vietnam France Hospital in Hanoi, Vietnam, with the first identified case of SARS. WHO doctor Carlo Urbani reports the unusual, highly contagious disease to WHO. Both the businessman and doctor later die of the disease.

2004 CE Facebook is launched this year. FICTION The setting of Terminator 3.

2005 CE Youtube.com starts up. Setting of the game Axiom Verge.

2008 CE USA elects Barack Obama, its first (half) Black President, to office.

2010 CE FICTION The setting for 2010: Odyssey 2.

2011 CE Syria is engulfed in civil war. Russia vetoes UN interference. Arab Islamist fanatics as well as moderate Arab powers support the rebels, as does the USA to a lesser extent. Russia supports the regime as do some Armenians.

2011 CE, May 2. Osama bin Laden is killed by Navy Seals in Pakistan.

2011 CE, October 20. 'Colonel' Muamar Gaddafi is killed by Libyan rebels.

2011 CE, December 4. An American Lockheed Martin RQ-170 Sentinel unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) is captured by Iranian forces near the city of Kashmar in northeastern Iran by sending the drone false GPS data.

2012 CE, September 11. Libyan radical Islamists attack the US Embassy in Benghazi, killing Ambassador Chris Stevens and three other people. They initially stormed the embassy with over a hundred infantry and then several hours later after having left fired a mortar shell that killed the Ambassador. The motivation seems to have been outrage over an offensive movie called Innocence of Muslims that had been released recently. A man named Basseley/Bacile was responsible for the movie. He was motivated by ethnic outrage; he was an Egyptian Copt (Christian) who had a grudge against Islam due to his heritage. It is also possible that this was an Al Quaeda planned assault though evidence for this is lacking.

2014 CE The Russian military moves into the Crimea, which is Ukranian territory, and Russia annexes the peninsula. Ukrainian politics had gotten very nasty between those who want to associate with the EU - ethnic Ukrainians in the northwest for the most part - and ethnic Russians in the southeast. and Russia claims to be defending ethnic Russians from Western nationalist fanatics. The age old rivalry between Germany and Russia over control of Eastern Europe has risen again.

2014 CE June 12. ISIL/ISIS, a radical Islamist outlaw state fighting against Assad in Syria, expand into northern Iraq. Iran sends the Iraqi government some elite troops and Shi'ite militias prepare for battle.

2014 CE August. The USA begins airstrikes on ISIS, primarily to destroy American equipment that the Iraqi Army had abandoned and which had been taken by ISIS.

2016 Donald Trump is elected 45th President of the USA.

2017 CE October. Catalonia illegally declares independence from Spain over financial grievances. Spain dissolves the Catalonian government and imposes direct rule.

2018 February 25. China abolishes term limits. Xi Jinping is likely to be President for life.

~2025 CE FICTION This is the setting of the Mega Man video games.

2029 CE FICTION The setting for Isaac Asimov's I, Robot and the first interstellar jump in his fictional universe.

2061 CE FICTION The setting for 2061: Odyssey 3.

~2080 CE FICTION The setting for Fallout games.

~2300 CE FICTION The setting for HALO: CE.

3001 CE FICTION The setting for 3001: The Final Odyssey.

3050 CE FICTION The setting for the Battletech animated series.

3978 CE November 25. FICTION The setting for the movie Planet of the Apes.

~12,000 CE FICTION The beginning of the "Galactic Era (GE)" which replaces the "Common Era (CE)" system of dating in Isaac Asimov's Foundation universe.

23,190-93 FICTION The setting for Dune.

~24,000 CE FICTION The setting for Isaac Asimov's novel Foundation's Edge.

802,701 CE FICTION The time of the Eloi and the Morlocks in H.G. Wells' The Time Machine.

30,000,000 CE FICTION The time the protagonist of H.G. Wells' The Time Machine goes when escaping the Morlocks.

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